Convincing the selection committee of the college Essay

Convincing the selection committee of the college - Essay Example A scholarship essay needs you to recount your personal experiences; your major accomplishments, academic and extra-curricular, of the past. The scholarship essay should ideally highlight skills and qualities that make you different and more eligible for the scholarship than the others. Considering these elements of a scholarship essay you may be tempted to conjure up a scholarship essay by yourself, but on the other hand taking into account the importance of a scholarship essay, the fact that it can help you to get that coveted scholarship, it is better not to take any chances. Hence it will extremely wise of you if leave the writing of the scholarship essay in our able and professional hands. Not only do we know the general rules of writing a scholarship essay, but we actually can write the scholarship essay that is especially suited for your purposes and that will secure you that admission you have been yearning for. In the many years that we have been in service we have written innumerable custom scholarship essays and on all these occasions our assistance proved indispensable to students like you. Our team of professional and highly competent writers all with British educational backgrounds is fully aware of what it takes to write an impressive and winning scholarship essay. All you have to do is send in the details of how you want your custom essay to be written and some information about your personal achievements and the skills and qualities that you possess and leave the rest to our writers. All our writers are professionals with at least three or more years of experience in this field. All our writers are British graduates and post-graduates, specialising in their individual fields.

Devise a Marketing Strategy to present to the Marketing Director Essay Example for Free

Devise a Marketing Strategy to present to the Marketing Director Essay In this case study, I have been given a number of roles and my task is to consider and provide appropriate answers in the relevant business context where you apply learning from my course of study so far and my own work experiences. Question 1 I am the supervisor in the marketing department and I believe that there is scope for gaining more sales in the standardised sector of the market because of quality differences between my product and those of larger competitors. Devise a Marketing Strategy to present to the Marketing Director designed to achieve this objective Corporate Objectives The Furniture Company, based in a small town in Lancashire, develops, manufactures and markets quality furniture. The firm has a very good reputation throughout the entire region for all its products. The Furniture Companys Supervisor of the Marketing Department is at present pursuing a strategy to grow its market share in the standardised section of the market because of quality differences between their product and those of larger companies. Marketing Audit Internal Product High quality standardised products targeted at C1/C2 segments. Considered to be higher quality than those of larger competitors. The firm has a very good reputation for quality products. Pricing -Currently sold to up market retail outlets and on all sales are there is a very high profit margin on a relatively low turnover. Prices are higher than for similar type products in the large retail outlets due to economies of scale in purchasing. Place Customers mainly consist C1/C2 for the standardised furniture. Potential customers visit the companys display showroom, fully manned by an accounts clerk, a salesperson, both of whom are full-time and two part-time salespersons at weekend. Promotion Very little advertising is done. Current advertising is mainly done via local press, and via direct mail all aimed locally. Advertising spend tends to be about 3% of revenue, with higher marketing spend within peak months. External Social Since consumer trends are always changing, as are several of the products. With the traditional furniture, trends have small effect on sales. Economic Figures to be confirmed. There is a spend of over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½750,000 within East Lancashire in the furniture market. The predicted growth for next year is 2% due to current consumer spend (interest rate currently stands at XX, and inflation 2.6%). Competitive The Furniture Company faces many competitors, on its retail side are many, and on local scale there are approximately 10 similar sized companies, although, the firm has a very good reputation throughout the entire region for all its products. Customer Audit Standardised products are aimed at C1/C2 segments. The competitions products were viewed as inferior to those of The Furniture Company, due to highly skilled craftsmanship. SWOT Analysis Strengths * Availability, either via local showroom, situated just off motorway or via retail outlet * Access, Full showroom with manned staff * Established, very good reputation throughout the region * Established up market retail outlet supplier * Higher quality than those of larger competitors * Innovation, constantly designing new furniture for changing market Weaknesses * Prices are slightly higher than for similar type products Opportunities * Market Development * Selling to mid-market retail outlets Nationwide * Expanding product into Europe worldwide Threats * Prices are higher than for similar type products in the large retail outlets * Unable to keep up with supplier demand Marketing Objectives and Strategies Market Development Ansoffs Matrix is a well-known Marketing Tool for deciding upon strategies for growth. First published in the Harvard Business Review (1957) in an article called Strategies for Diversification (see below example). Market Penetration By marketing our existing products to our existing customers, thus increasing revenue, by promoting the product, repositioning the brand. The aim is to encourage people to switch from other furniture manufacturers. Market Development Marketing the product in a new market/target audience. By introducing the product into a new region and also exporting the product. Market Extension/Product Development Selling the existing standard furniture into new markets, nationwide and worldwide, as the product already has a strong marketing competence. Diversification Not required Example of The Ansoff Matrix Product Life Cycle (see diagram below) Launch/Introduction The product is introduced into new markets and heavily promoted to create awareness. High costs. Due to success in the current markets, risk is fairly low. Growth Higher volume of sales enables The Furniture Company to benefit from economies of scale. Products become more profitable as sales rise and costs fall. Advertising spend is still high and focuses on building upon a brand name, ready for the maturity and decline stage to introduce new furniture after the brand has been established. Maturity Sales grow at a decreasing rate and then stabilise. Brand awareness is crucial in continuing success. The company retains its share of the market by capturing sales from weaker rivals by ensuring consistently quality furniture. Decline At this point there is a downturn in the market for this particular product. Sales and profit decline. New products are introduced or consumer tastes have changed. Product can be removed from the market at this stage and replaced by new furniture or profits can be improved by reducing marketing spend and cost cutting. Elimination/Withdrawal (or extension) When faced with decline in sales, the company will need to decide whether the decline is Temporary, Terminal and Irreversible or Capable of being reversed by an adjustment in the marketing mix Extension To rejuvenate the product to prolong its life by changing the product, the brand, the way it is promoted or the distribution channel. Question 2 As supervisor in the marketing department one of my roles is to devise expansion strategies as question 1. I believe, however, that the high quality hand crafted furniture could sell to a national and ultimately international market especially if at some future point the U.K. joins the single currency. At present these products sell to a regional market and I have already put this idea to the Marketing Director and received a positive response to the extent that he wants you to do a presentation to the full board of Directors on this idea Devise a promotional campaign to be presented to the Board that would reach a national market for the higher quality products. Marketing is defined as the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying the requirements of customer profitably. Product Introduce the standardised range and also high quality furniture into mid-market and up-market retail outlets nationwide. The standardised range is higher quality than those of competitors. The handcrafted furniture provides high quality furniture aimed at the higher end of the market. Price Cost for the standardised product is slightly higher than its competitors. This can stand being higher due being higher quality than the products of competitors. Place The standardised products and the high quality furniture both sell currently to larger retail outlets and also to individual order. Introduction of the furniture into a national market and also international market. Promotion Offer trials to nationwide retail outlets, both mid-market and up-market with the relevant products, with trial offers. Pay for advertising spend to promote the product within the area via local media, and also promote product and brand via in-store advertising and display stands. Brand awareness is very important at this stage. The Promotional Plan * Description of products available * A description of target audience * Identification of the price * Information on where the product will be sold * Methods to be used o Posters placed at locations in store and places frequented by your target audience o Press Release Informing of the product to be selling locally o Local Newspaper Advertising Advertising within locality using established media within the area promoting brand and product o Radio Advertising Informing of product and brand launch, aimed at prime time listening, selecting stations geared to 35+ and homeowner audience. Question 3 I am employed as the supervisor in the Personnel Department and am responsible for the overseeing of the day-to-day tasks of the department. I am currently studying for the Institute of Personnel Management qualification and have become more familiar with the concept of human resources. Present a paper to the Personnel director outlining the benefits of introducing a HRM approach to the management of people and in particular how this would improve both productivity and motivation. Motivation (Definition) a set of processes concerned with the force that energises behaviour and directs it towards attaining some goal. A strategic, coherent and comprehensive approach to the management and development of the organisations human resources in which every aspect of that approach is wholly integrated with the overall management of the organisation. HRM is essentially an ideology, quote M. Armstrong, taken from Handbook of Human Resource Management, Kogan Page, 1999. Human resources management activities relate to employees pay, welfare, conditions of employment and training. HRM is based on four principles * Employees must be seen as valued assets in which to invest. It is human capability and commitment, which, in the final analysis, distinguishes successful organisations from the rest, Storey. * HRM is of strategic importance and, therefore, needs to be considered by top management in the formulation of the corporate plan. * Commitment not compliance. The key levers (the development of human resources; evaluation of performance and the rewarding of it) are to be used to seek not merely compliance but commitment. In other words, employees should not be forced to work grudgingly, but by obtaining their wholehearted commitment * Strategic implications of HRM. HRM is therefore, seen to have long-term implications and be integral to the core performance of the business. It must be the intimate concern of the line managers. Line managers have the responsibility of managing their staff. The role of personnel function is to enable the line managers to fulfil their HRM responsibilities effectively. Soft and Hard Approach to HRM The soft approach can be closer than the traditional personnel approach. Soft HRM is an integrated strategic function that is concerned with nurturing people because they are human beings whose feelings should be considered and, developing this valuable resource is the best way to achieve results. The Hard approach is based on the belief that human resources are the key assets, with emphasis placed on * Getting more out of people * Using them in a more productive way The aims of HRM are the same whether hard or soft and as follows * Enable management to achieve organisational objectives via its workforce * Enable people to utilise their full potential * Foster commitment * Integrate human resources policies with business plans * Establish an environment to unleash the creativity and energy of the workforce * Encourage flexibility in the interests of an organisation that is able to adapt to the environment and achieve excellence The main areas of management activity associated with the HRM philosophy * Organisation, design and effectiveness especially in relation to teamwork, communications, customer service and change management * Resources providing human resources required by means of recruitment, retention and training programmes. * Performance management improving performance by means of appraisal * Reward management for example, linking pay to performance * Motivation redesigning jobs and devising rewards to motivate employees * Commitment The integration of the needs of the individual with those of the organisation * Employee Relations Policies and procedures to encourage cooperation to the mutual benefit to all * Flexibility by means of mulitskilling redesigning jobs and new patterns of work * Quality as a way of life * Culture management influencing behaviour and thereby attitudes by means of resourcing, performance management and reward strategies Leadership and Motivation In the HRM school, Leadership should be democratic rather than authoritarian, managers should consult employees on matters that affect them, important in gaining respect of both the manager and the company, motivation rewards of social and psychological, not just financial. Motivation is defined as in influence that cases people (employees) to want to behave in a certain way, and combined with ability can result in performance. The motivated worker will be keen to work, take pride in their work, will not display negative attitude towards the company, display high level of commitment and get satisfaction out of work, benefiting the organisation with higher productivity levels, lower labour turnover, lower absenteeism, improve quality with less waste, greater willingness to accept change, willingness to contribute ideas and take on additional responsibility, allowing the company to overall reap the benefits of even greater financial gain. In production department, for example, possible financial reward could be brought into place looking at Hertzbergs Hygiene factors of Pay and Benefits, Working Conditions, Company Policy, Status, Job Security, Supervision, Office and Personal Lift all set to motivate Achievement, Recognition, Job Interest, Responsibility and ultimately Advancement. HRM could look at setting up motivating factors with the sales department by setting targets based on achieving sales to new retailers nationwide with additional financial gain based on and over achieving rewards. The key concepts to adapting a HRM approach to the company would provide the following Competition advantage Aspects of the company that give it an advantage over its rivals Human Resource Management A strategic, coherent and comprehensive approach to the management and development of the companys human resources Personnel Management Management/administration of recruitment, welfare and training of the employees McGregors Theory x and Y (1960) McGregors Theory X and Y (1960) about managerial behaviour had a profound effect on management thinking and practice. His Theory Y principles featured in management training courses for a decade or more. They influenced the design and implementation of personnel policies and practices. The legacy today permeates the axioms of participative and total quality management and the continued practice of staff appraisal. McGregor defined assumptions that he felt underpinned the practices and stances of managers in relation to employees. These were evident from their conversations and actions. Two sets of propositions were dubbed Theory X and Y. He was saying that what managers said or showed in their behaviour revealed their theories-in-use. Their predisposition led managers to pursue particular kinds of policies and relationships with employees. McGregors Theory Y was interpreted and promoted as a one-best-way, i.e. Y is the best. Managers or aspects of their behaviour became labelled as Theory X, the bad stereotype and Theory Y the good. McGregor ideas were much informed by Maslows need satisfaction model of motivation. Needs provide the driving force motivating behaviour and general orientation. Maslows ideas suggested that worker dissatisfaction with work was due to poor job design, managerial behaviour and too few opportunities for job satisfaction. On the basis of these ideas about drives Maslow suggested a classification of needs related to the development of the person lower level needs giving way developmentally to higher order needs. Thus a hierarchy is suggested although not claimed by Maslow. Example of Maslows Hieratchy Benefits If we introduced a HRM approach to the company ultimately employees at all levels will feel motivated and productive as quoted by carrot stick philosophy acceptance, and produce the most productivity. Employees will feel more worthy with a much easier line of communication with everyone feeling a valuable part of the organisation. The company needs to introduce a leadership mentality rather than management leadership and nurturer a new leadership approach. At present the organisations communications systems are mostly paper and telephone based Present a discussion document to the Personnel director explaining the concept of this electronic office, including explanation of the relevant technologies and their potential benefits You should also point out any potential drawbacks from this innovation and conclude with an evaluation of whether the benefits outweigh the drawbacks or vice versa While predictions of the paperless office have yet to be fully realised, modern business now relies on a vast array of electronic equipment to function efficiently and effectively. The concept of a paperless office is to ensure productivity improvement and to use time more efficiently. At present most of the organisations communications are paper and telephone based. Initially, by utilising e-mail (electronic mail, which is the main use of the internet) the following advantages are gained by replacing paper telephone communication * Speed of movement and data * Paperless office * Accessible via any modem line * Delivery is faster than snail mail (post, especially useful when dealing overseas) * It overcomes the problems of timezones. The recipient does not have to be there to receive it * Like fax, it is possible to send messages to more than one person * E-mail addresses are portable * It enables users to exchange information with people * The cost is not dependent on the distance travelled * It is cheaper than fax or telephone * Cuts out general chat on the telephone * Less formal than a letter * The message will remain in the recipients e-mail account until it is collected * Can be sent with document or picture attachment * E-mails can be stored until recipient discards information Installing computerised systems with each department will also benefit from enabling all staff to access shared data from different departments computerised filing systems, e.g. access into word documents, spread sheets and other programme files. With transportable laptops, the office can be taken anywhere and even used worldwide, to assist in presentations and retrieving documents on a more global scale. Document Management System Another new form of the Electronic Office is the Document Management System offering solutions from the standalone scanner to a whole enterprise solution. E-Business solution companies analyse and advise on new business solutions. The Document Management System is a small step in the way forward for the paperless office, the benefits of incorporating the system is * Reduce office staff non-productivity rapidly locating folders and documents * Retain corporate knowledge and know where it is * Access paper documents within your business application * Scan your cabinets full of documents to secure them in case of Fire, Flood, Burglary or damage * Enable multiple people access to the same document or folder * Safely secure your documents for archival * Reduce boxes of stored paper * Automatically recognise forms and characters on incoming documents and locate them based on their content * Fax and receive documents directly from your desktop * Establish document privacy Electronic Office Manager It is a Human Resources and Process Management System that focuses on the internal operations of your business. The EOM provides businesses with a computerised Office Manager, with everything defined as a procedure, checklist or form. Job Descriptions become daily to do lists. To help manage time with automated reminders covering everything from training events to holiday management. EOM also provides Electronic Human Resource and Training Departments with employee files, applicant databases, and pre-written and editable employee handbooks and job descriptions. It also includes a system for creating and scheduling training. EOM even helps with financial forecasting and business planning features and point-to-point web navigation and link management. Operative Procedures, HRM, Business Development, Scheduling and Education Training are all available via EOM programme. Electronic Drawbacks Training and monitoring of training will be required at each stage to ensure competence and understanding of new system. With regular meetings required, and management of the change in system. Staff may be dissatisfied with the paperless office, and reluctant to the change. System failure. Without the adequate after support service and/or training there could be potential problems with system errors, which may result in non-productivity if staff rely on PCs when there is a breakdown. A recent example pf a paperless office is one department of Glasgow Borough Council, who recently had a computerised system developed solely for the use. Originally, each site manager called into an office each morning to collect information on various sites requiring repair assessment visits (approx 20 throughout the day) followed by a visiting to each site and manual completion of an in-depth form, and followed by manually inputting information on the computer for someone else then to call out to complete the repair work. The Borough Council have now developed a computerised system to enable them to receive the site information via electronic organiser, input the repair requirements, and return information upon completion for repairs to be carried out. Not only did this save much time on paperwork, but also time is more effectively managed by receiving full details of jobs throughout the day, which may be in areas the site manager is already working in. BIBLIOGRAPHY Jewell Bruce R, An Integrated Approach to Business Studies, Longman, [2000] ISBN 0582 40542 4 Ansoffs Matrix, www.marketingteacher.com/lessons/lesson_ansoff.html [accessed 31/05/02] How do I market My Inventions, http://www.montanaedu/wwwcxai [accessed 20/05/02] The Electronic Office, www.walters.co.uk/brochure/elecoffice1.htm [accessed 06/06/02] Imaging and Document Management Solutions, www.cabinetng.net/paperlessoffice.htm [accessed 05/06/02]

The Power of Peer Pressure :: Peer Pressure Essays

Introduction Why is Peer pressure so great to people especially to teenagers? Why do young people smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol or even use drugs? People enjoy being in a group of people who sees eye to eye about things, Whether it is kind of clothing to wear, the kind of food to eat, that way our own opinions whether they are wise or foolish appears to be valid for the people around you. It creates an environment of social acceptance. It is a wonderful research topic to study because it has significance to teenagers like me. I want to know what influence us and how to avoid them. Negative influence can change our lifestyle. Peer pressure is responsible for sudden social change that influences some people to do thing they’ve never done before in positive or negative way. Teenagers experience peer pressure every day from their friends, their classmates, their coworkers, and many others. While positive influence is something to be encouraged, negative peer pressure can cause many problems in your daughter or son’s life parents, friends and other peer group can help you teens resist negative peer pressure by talking the time to talk with them about it and helping them develop the tools and skills needed. Peer pressure leads to some disturbing negative behavior in some teenagers. Almost half of teenagers were feeling pressured by their friend about sexual activity. In a survey conducted by Survelum Public Data Bank, students feel pressured by their friends between 35 and 49 percent of the time. Psychiatrist attribute the power of peer influence to a group particularly if the group has social status within that area. Peer Pressure can be positive. For example, wanting to join an athletic group of friends may compel and be forced otherwise sedentary student to try out for soccer team. In Survelum Public Data Bank survey on peer pressure, 51% of teenagers felt that peer pressure or the influence was sometimes positive. The Advantages Peer Study Group Children are influenced by their group, just as adults are. It can help children do better in school. A study group is a functional group composed of two or more students. The study group atmosphere offers the students the opportunity to learn more broad discussions, sharing their opinions and knowledge about a certain topic or in a course. It also helps them avoid procrastination. Many students tend to cram for test/exams on the night before or begin projects with very limited time. When in study group scheduled days can avoid participants to procrastination. Students tend to learn efficiently within a group versus

Alcohol abuse Essay

Alcohol is absorbed from all parts of the gastrointestinal tract largely by simple diffusion into the blood. However the small intestine is by far the most efficient region of the gastrointestinal tract for alcohol absorption because of its very large surface area. In a fasting individual, it is generally agreed that 10% to 20% of a dose of alcohol is absorbed from the stomach (the volume of alcohol affects the absorption) and 75% to 80% is absorbed from the small intestine. Because of this peak blood alcohol concentrations are achieved in fasting people within 0. 5 to 2. 0 hours, (average 0. 75 – 1. 35 hours depending upon dose and time of last meal) while non-fasting people exhibit peak alcohol concentrations within 1. 0, and in extreme cases up to as much as 4. 0 hours (average 1. 06 – 2. 12 hours). Because it is distributed so quickly and thoroughly the alcohol can affect the central nervous system even in small concentrations. In low concentrations, alcohol reduces inhibitions. As blood alcohol concentration increases, a person’s response to stimuli decreases markedly, speech becomes slurred, and he or she becomes unsteady and has trouble walking. With very high concentrations – greater than 0. 35 grams/100 milliliters of blood (equivalent to 0. 35 grams/210 liters of breath ) – a person can become comatose and die. The American Medical Association has defined the blood alcohol concentration level of impairment for all people to be 0. 04 grams/100 milliliters of blood (equivalent to . 04 grams/210 liters of breath). The following is a generally accepted guide to the effects of alcohol. Distribution Alcohol has a high affinity for water and is therefore found in body tissues and fluids inasmuch as they contain water. Absorbed alcohol is rapidly carried throughout the body in the blood and once absorption of alcohol is complete an equilibrium occurs such that blood at all points in the system contains approximately the same concentration of alcohol. Elimination The liver is responsible for the elimination – through metabolism – of 95% of ingested alcohol from the body. The remainder of the alcohol is eliminated through excretion of alcohol in breath, urine, sweat, feces, milk and saliva. The body uses several different metabolic pathways in its oxidation of alcohol to acetaldehyde to acetic acid to carbon dioxide and water. Healthy people metabolize alcohol at a fairly consistent rate. As a rule of thumb, a person will eliminate one average drink or . 5 oz (15 ml) of alcohol per hour. Several factors influence this rate. The rate of elimination tends to be higher when the blood alcohol concentration in the body is very high. Also chronic alcoholics may (depending on liver health) metabolize alcohol at a significantly higher rate than the average. Finally, the body’s ability to metabolize alcohol quickly tend to diminish with age. Body Weight and Body Type In general, the less you weigh the more you will be affected by a given amount of alcohol. As detailed above, alcohol has a high affinity for water. Basically one’s blood alcohol concentration is a function of the total amount of alcohol in one’s system divided by total body water. So for two individuals with similar body compositions and different weights, the larger individual will achieve lower alcohol concentrations than the smaller one if ingesting the same amount of alcohol. However, for people of the same weight, a well muscled individual will be less affected than someone with a higher percentage of fat since fatty tissue does not contain very much water and will not absorb very much alcohol. Rate Of Consumption Blood alcohol concentration depends on the amount of alcohol consumed and the rate at which the user’s body metabolizes alcohol. Because the body metabolizes alcohol at a fairly constant rate (somewhat more quickly at higher and lower alcohol concentrations), ingesting alcohol at a rate higher than the rate of elimination results in a cumulative effect and an increasing blood alcohol concentration. Alcohol Content It’s not how many drinks that you have, but how much alcohol that you consume. The concentration of the drinks that one ingest can have a slight effect on the peak alcohol concentration due to the differences in absorption rate of different concentrations of alcohol. Alcohol is most rapidly absorbed when the concentration of the drink is between 10% and 30%. Below 10% the concentration gradient in the gastrointestinal tract is low and slows absorption and the added volumes of liquid involved slow gastric emptying. On the other hand concentrations higher than 30% tend to irritate the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and the pyloric sphincter, causing increased secretion of mucous and delayed gastric emptying. Food Food taken along with alcohol results in a lower, delayed blood alcohol concentration peak (the point of greatest intoxication). There are two major factors involved in this phenomenon. First, because alcohol is absorbed most efficiently in the small intestine, the ingestion of food can slow down the absorption of alcohol into one’s system. The pyloric valve at the bottom of the stomach will close in order to hold food in the stomach for digestion and thus keep the alcohol from reaching the small intestine. While alcohol will be absorbed from the stomach it is a slower and less efficient transition. Second and equally important is the fact that alcohol elimination rates are inversely proportional to alcohol concentration in the blood. Therefore the suppressed levels of alcohol due to food ingestion cause the body to eliminate the alcohol that is absorbed at a faster rate. The type of food ingested (carbohydrate, fat, protein) has not been shown to have a measurable influence on this affect but the larger the meal and closer in time between eating and drinking, the greater the diminution of peak alcohol concentration. Studies have shown reductions in peak alcohol concentration (as opposed to those of a fasting individual under otherwise similar circumstances) of 9% to 23%. Medication If you are taking any medication, it could increase the effects of alcohol. You should always consult your physician or the medical information that accompanies the medication when drinking alcohol in conjunction with any medication. Fatigue Fatigue causes many of the same symptoms that are caused by alcohol intoxication. These and other symptoms will be amplified if alcohol intoxication is concurrent with fatigue. Tolerance Tolerance is the diminution of the effectiveness of a drug after a period of prolonged or heavy use of that drug or a related drug (cross-tolerance). There are at least two types of tolerance at work with alcohol. The first is metabolic tolerance in which the alcohol is metabolized at a higher rate (up to two times as quickly) in chronic users. Because of the higher metabolic rate for alcohol lower peak blood alcohol concentrations are achieved by chronic alcohol users than the average drinker when the same amount of alcohol is ingested. The second is functional tolerance in which there is an actual change in the organ or system’s sensitivity to the drug. Studies have shown that chronic alcohol users can have twice the tolerance for alcohol as an average person. It is important to note however that even in light of these tolerance factors, it has been shown conclusively that even in heavy alcohol users functional impairment is clearly measurable at the blood alcohol concentration levels that are currently used for traffic law enforcement and safety sensitive job performance. Gender Differences As outlined above in the section on Body Weight and Body Type different body types coincide with different body water percentages. In general, but by no means in all cases, women tend to have a higher percentage of body fat and thus a lower percentage of body water. Therefore, in general, if a man and a woman of the same weight ingest the same amount of alcohol the woman will tend to achieve a higher alcohol concentration. This, of course, would not be true if the woman was very fit and the man was somewhat obese, but on average, this is the case. Furthermore, total body water tends to decrease with age, so an older person will also be more affected by the same amount of alcohol. According to the table below the differences in alcohol concentration due to average body composition differences based on gender would be between 16% and 10% depending on age. ________________________________________ Average Total Body Water as a function of Sex and Age AgeMaleFemale 18 to 4061%52% over 6051%46% ________________________________________ Another gender based difference is in the elimination of alcohol. Although not explained, studies appear to show that women eliminate alcohol from their bodies at a rate 10% greater than that of men. Alcoholism and alcohol abuse Alcoholism (alcohol dependence) and alcohol abuse are two different forms of problem drinking. †¢Alcoholism is when you have signs of physical addiction to alcohol and continues to drink, despite problems with physical health, mental health, and social, family, or job responsibilities. Alcohol may control your life and relationships. †¢Alcohol abuse is when your drinking leads to problems, but not physical addiction. Causes, incidence, and risk factors There is no known cause of alcohol abuse or alcoholism. Research suggests that certain genes may increase the risk of alcoholism, but which genes and how they work are not known. How much you drink can influence your chances of becoming dependent. Those at risk for developing alcoholism include: †¢Men who have 15 or more drinks a week †¢Women who have 12 or more drinks a week †¢Anyone who has five or more drinks per occasion at least once a week One drink is defined as a 12-ounce bottle of beer, a 5-ounce glass of wine, or a 1 1/2-ounce shot of liquor. You have an increased risk for alcohol abuse and dependence if you have a parent with alcoholism. You may also be more likely to abuse alcohol or become dependent if you: †¢Are a young adult under peer pressure †¢Have depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, or schizophrenia †¢Have easy access to alcohol †¢Have low self-esteem †¢Have problems with relationships †¢Live a stressful lifestyle †¢Live in a culture alcohol use is more common and accepted Alcohol abuse is rising. Around 1 out of 6 people in the world have a drinking problem. Symptoms People who have alcoholism or alcohol abuse often: †¢Continue to drink, even when health, work, or family are being harmed †¢Drink alone. †¢Become violent when drinking †¢Become hostile when asked about drinking †¢Are not able to control drinking — being unable to stop or reduce alcohol intake †¢Make excuses to drink †¢Miss work or school, or have a decrease in performance because of drinking †¢Stop taking part in activities because of alcohol †¢Need to use alcohol on most days to get through the day †¢Neglect to eat or eat poorly †¢Do not care about or ignore how they dress or whether they are clean †¢Try to hide alcohol use †¢Shake in the morning or after periods when they have not a drink Symptoms of alcohol dependence include: †¢Memory lapses after heavy drinking †¢Needing more and more alcohol to feel â€Å"drunk† †¢Alcohol withdrawal symptoms when you haven’t had a drink for a while †¢Alcohol-related illnesses such as alcoholic liver disease Signs and tests The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical and family history, including use of alcohol. The following questions are used by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism to screen for alcohol abuse or dependence: †¢Do you ever drive when you have been drinking? †¢Do you have to drink more than before to get drunk or feel the desired effect? †¢Have you felt that you should cut down on your drinking? †¢Have you ever had any blackouts after drinking? †¢Have you ever missed work or lost a job because of drinking? †¢Is someone in your family worried about your drinking? Tests that may be done include: †¢Blood alcohol level (this can tell whether someone has recently been drinking alcohol, but it does not necessarily confirm alcoholism) †¢Complete blood count (CBC) †¢Liver function tests. †¢Magnesium blood test Medical Illness Associated With Chronic Alcohol Abuse DisorderIllness MetabolicAlcoholic ketoacidosis, alcoholic hypoglycemia, water and salt disorders NeurologicChronic problems with thinking such as Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Korsakoff’s psychosis, alcoholic cerebellar degeneration, and central pontine myelinolysis leading to problems walking and other motor activities, acute and chronic dementia, alcoholic peripheral neuropathy MuscularAcute and chronic alcoholic muscle weakness. GastrointestinalFatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, alcoholic pancreatitis, poor pancreatic function, gastroesophageal reflux, esophageal carcinoma, erosive gastritis, chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, esophageal varices leading to bleeding into the GI tract Metabolic-endocrineHigh cholesterol, high levels of uric acid, low testosterone levels, impotence, testicular atrophy, gynecomastia, irregular menstrual periods, reversible Cushing’s syndrome BloodAnemia due to poor production of blood cells or slow intestinal bleeding, poor white cell production, destruction of platelets, blood too thin to clot properly. CardiacDecreased cardiac function, arrhythmias, dilated cardiomyopathy, high blood pressure PulmonaryIncreased incidence of pneumonia, increased incidence of tuberculosis OtherIncreased incidence of severe intestinal infections, fetal alcohol syndrome, vitamin deficiency syndromes, trauma, sexual dysfunction, insomnia Social Problems Associated With Alcohol Abuse Accidental death and injury50% of fatal car crashes 25-fold increased risk of falls or drowning 50% of fire-related burns or deaths 20% to 30% of trauma seen in emergency rooms. CrimeFrequently involved in violent crime SuicideInvolved in up to 35% of suicides Economic cost$148 billion annually (estimated); 15% for health care and treatment OtherAssociated with increased rates of spouse or child abuse and increased spread of sexually transmitted diseases Treatment Completely stopping the use of alcohol is the ideal goal of treatment. This is called abstinence. A strong social network and family support are important in achieving this. Completely stopping and avoiding alcohol is difficult for many people with alcoholism. There will be times when it is difficult. You should aim to avoid drinking for as long as possible. Some people who abuse alcohol may be able to simply reduce the amount they drink. This is called drinking in moderation. If this method does not work, you should try to quit drinking completely. DECIDING TO QUIT Many people with alcohol problems do not recognize when their drinking gets out of hand. The ideal approach to treatment is to help the person realize how much their alcohol use is harming their life and those around them. Studies find that more people with alcohol problems opt for treatment when their family members or employers are honest with them about their concerns, and try to help them see that drinking is preventing them from reaching their goals. Withdrawal from alcohol is best done in a controlled, supervised setting. Complications from withdrawal can be life threatening. For more information, see: Alcohol withdrawal Your health care provider should order blood and urine tests to check for health problems that are common in people who abuse alcohol. LONG-TERM SUPPORT Alcohol recovery or support programs can help you stop drinking completely. These programs usually offer: †¢Counseling and therapy to discuss alcoholism and its effects and how to control your thoughts and behaviors †¢Mental health support †¢Medical care You may be treated in a special recovery center (inpatient), or you may attend a program while you live at home (outpatient). Medications are sometimes prescribed to prevent you from drinking again. †¢Acamprosate is a drug that has been shown to lower relapse rates in those who are alcohol dependent. †¢Disulfiram (Antabuse) produces very unpleasant side effects if you drink even a small amount of alcohol within 2 weeks after taking the drug. †¢Naltrexone (Vivitrol) decreases alcohol cravings. It is available in an injectable form. You cannot take these medications if you are pregnant or have certain medical conditions. The medications are often used with long-term treatment with counseling or support groups. Depression or other mood or anxiety disorders may be noticed after you stop drinking. These should be promptly treated. It is important that the patient has a living situation that supports their need to avoid alcohol. Some programs offer housing options for people with alcoholism or alcohol abuse. Support Groups Support groups are available to help people who are dealing with alcoholism. ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS (AA) Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is a self-help group of recovering alcoholics that offers emotional support and specific steps for people recovering from alcohol dependence. The program is commonly called a â€Å"12-step† approach. There are local chapters throughout the United States. AA offers help 24 hours a day and teaches that it is possible to participate in social functions without drinking. AL-ANON Family members of a person with an alcohol abuse problem often need counseling. Al-Anon is a support group for partners and others who are affected by someone else’s alcoholism. Alateen provides support for teenage children of people with alcoholism. OTHER SUPPORT GROUPS Several other support groups are available. †¢SMART recovery teaches you have to change your thoughts and behaviors to help people with alcoholism recover. †¢LifeRing recovery and SOS are two nonreligious programs that offer support for people with alcohol abuse. †¢Women for Sobriety is a self-help group just for women. Moderation Management is a program for those who want to reduce how much they drink. It recommends abstinence for people who cannot do this. Expectations (prognosis) How well a person with alcoholism or alcohol abuse does depends on whether or not they can stop drinking. Alcoholism is a major social, economic, and public health problem. Problem drinking can affect every part of a person’s life. If you have an alcohol problem, abstinence can help improve your mental and physical health and possibly, your relationships. Treatment programs can help you quit. However, drinking again after treatment is common. It is important to have a good support system. Complications Alcoholism and alcohol abuse can increase your risk of many health problems, including: †¢Bleeding in the digestive tract †¢Brain cell damage †¢Brain disorder called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome †¢Cancer of the esophagus, liver, colon, and other areas †¢Changes in the menstrual cycle (period) †¢Delirium tremens (DT’s) †¢Dementia and memory loss †¢Depression and suicide †¢Erectile dysfunction †¢Heart damage †¢High blood pressure. †¢Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) †¢Liver disease, including cirrhosis †¢Nerve damage †¢Poor nutrition †¢Sleeping problems (insomnia) Alcohol use also increases your risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and violence. Drinking alcohol while you are pregnant can lead to severe birth defects in the baby. Prevention The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism recommends: †¢Women should not drink more than 1 drink per day †¢Men should not drink more than 2 drinks per day One drink is defined as 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1? ounces of liquor.

Many Films Have a Bad Influence on Young People. What Is Your View? Essay

Everyone needs entertainment to refresh their minds and get relaxed after everyday chores. The most common way people usually use to entertain themselves is to watch a Movie. Movies are entertaining but some movies can have a negative impact on the audience esp. youth. Youngsters are immature and easily susceptible to any perception. In this era where movies are the part of our daily life and youth mostly watch it on almost every weekend can cause a great impact on their mindset. Youth love to watch movies but indirectly many of those movies are a bad influenced on them. Like in cartoon movies the characters do things those are impossible in real life and are supernatural and little kids get admired by those characters and they think that they can also do all those things. Today’s teenagers the real youth are greatly influenced by such movies like by watching action or gangsters type of films they may lead themselves in committing crimes and killing people that is illegal and that may cause themselves into great trouble. The violence and bloodshed in these movies make them think more about violence and extremism. By following their favorite actor they started doing everything they do and those acts, which are dislike by the society. Their favorite actor might take drugs, alcohol and smoke in the movie so the young people begin smoking too or they may think they’ll leave a cool impression on the society by doing all this. They also follow their lifestyle like what they wear, what they eat and so on and they get influence of their culture. So it’s a bad impact on our culture and lifestyle. These movies can also damage our faith and lead us to the wrong path. Young people also begin to do dangerous stunts that may harm them or sometimes may take their lives as well. They get indulge in bad companies and torture others by different means. Films also affect their way of speaking and attitude towards others. They adapt abusive languages and make themselves violent. And maintain this kind of bad behavior towards everyone. This may decrease their social status. It’s not wrong to say that many films do have bad influence on the young people and make them superstitious but there are many films which have a positive effect on youth. Like there are many educational and inspirational films out there that gives us a lesson and we have a lot to learn from those films. That will not only guides us to the right way but will also help us to be a good citizen and raise our social status.

Three Domain System

Three Domain System The Three Domain System, developed by Carl Woese, is a system for classifying biological organisms. Over the years, scientists have developed several systems for the classification of organisms. From the late 1960s, organisms had been classified according to a Five Kingdom system. This classification system model was based on principles developed by Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus, whose hierarchical system groups organisms based on common physical characteristics. The Three Domain System As scientists learn more about organisms, classification systems change. Genetic sequencing has given researchers a whole new way of analyzing relationships between organisms. The current system, the Three Domain System, groups organisms primarily based on differences in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) structure. Ribosomal RNA is a molecular building block for ribosomes. Under this system, organisms are classified into three domains and six kingdoms. The domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The kingdoms are Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria), Eubacteria (true bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Archaea Domain This domain contains single-celled organisms known as archaea. Archaea have genes that are similar to both bacteria and eukaryotes. Because they are very similar to bacteria in appearance, they were originally mistaken for bacteria. Like bacteria, Archaea are prokaryotic organisms and do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. They also lack internal cell organelles and many are about the same size as and similar in shape to bacteria. Archaea reproduce by binary fission, have one circular chromosome, and use flagella to move around in their environment as do bacteria. Archaea differ from bacteria in cell wall composition and differ from both bacteria and eukaryotes in membrane composition and rRNA type. These differences are substantial enough to warrant that archaea have a separate domain. Archaea are extreme organisms that live under some of the most extreme environmental conditions. This includes within hydrothermal vents, acidic springs, and under Arctic ice. Archaea are divided into three main phyla: Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, and Korarchaeota. Crenarchaeota include many organisms that are hyperthermophiles and thermoacidophiles. These archaea thrive in environments with great temperature extremes (hyperthermophiles) and in extremely hot and acidic environments (thermoacidophiles).Archaea known as methanogens are of the Euryarchaeota phylum. They produce methane as a byproduct of metabolism and require an oxygen-free environment.Little is known about Korarchaeota archaea as few species have been found living in places such as hot springs, hydrothermal vents, and obsidian pools. Bacteria Domain Bacteria are classified under the Bacteria Domain. These organisms are generally feared because some are pathogenic and capable of causing disease. However, bacteria are essential to life as some are part of the human microbiota. These bacteria preform vital functions, such as enabling us to properly digest and absorb nutrients from the foods we eat. Bacteria that live on the skin prevent pathogenic microbes from colonizing the area and also aid in the activation of the immune system. Bacteria are also important for the recycling of nutrients in the global ecosystem as they are primary decomposers. Bacteria have a unique cell wall composition and rRNA type. They are grouped into five main categories: Proteobacteria: This phylum contains the largest group of bacteria and includes E.coli, Salmonella, Heliobacter pylori, and Vibrio. bacteria.Cyanobacteria: These bacteria are capable of photosynthesis. They are also known as blues include Borrelia burgdorferi (cause Lyme disease) and Treponema pallidum (cause syphilis). Eukarya Domain The Eukarya domain includes eukaryotes or organisms that have a membranes include algae, amoeba, fungi, molds, yeast, ferns, mosses, flowering plants, sponges, insects, and mammals. Comparison of Classification Systems Five Kingdom System: MoneraProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Archaea Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya Domain Archaebacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Three Domain System As we have seen, systems for classifying organisms change with new discoveries made over time. The earliest systems recognized only two kingdoms (plant and animal). The current Three Domain System is the best organizational system we have now, but as new information is gained, a different system for classifying organisms may later be developed.

WAGNER Surname Meaning and Family History

WAGNER Surname Meaning and Family History From the Germanic Waganari, meaning wagon-maker or wagon driver, the common occupational surname Wagner was often given to one who transported produce or other goods via high-sided wagons or carts. Among some German populations, especially the Pennsylvania Germans, Wagner also denoted a wagon-maker, wainwright, or cartwright. Wagner is the 7th most common German surname  and 4th most common surname in Austria. Surname Origin: German, English Alternate Surname Spellings:  WAGGONER, WAGONER, WAGENER, WAEGENER, WAGNOR, WAGNER, WAGONNER, WEGENER, WEGNER, VAGNER, VEGENER, VEGNER   Famous People with the WAGNER  Surname Richard Wagner - 19th-century  German conductor and composerJack Wagner - American actor and musicianRobert Wagner - American actorAdolph Wagner - German economistArthur Wagner - Church of England clergyman in Brighton, East  SussexGeorge D. Wagner - Indiana politician and Civil War Union generalJohann Andreas Wagner - German palaeontologist and zoologist Where is the WAGNER Surname Most Common? According to surname distribution from Forebears, WAGNER is the 4th most common surname in both Germany and Austria. It is also fairly common in Luxembourg (5th),  Switzerland (55th), the United States (142nd), Denmark (178th) and Slovakia (363rd). WorldNames PublicProfiler indicates that the Wagner surname is especially common in Saarland, Germany, as well as in both Hungary and Gussing, Austria. It is also prevalent in the German states of Rheinland-Pfalz, Thà ¼ringen, Hessen and Bayern. Genealogy Resources for the Surname WAGNER Meanings of Common German SurnamesUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common German surnames. Wagner Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Wagner  family crest or coat of arms for the Wagner surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Wagner  Y-Chromosome DNA  Surname ProjectIndividuals with the Wagner surname are invited to participate in this group DNA project in an attempt to learn more about Wagner family origins. The website includes information on the project, the research done to date, and instructions on how to participate. History and Genealogy of the Wagner-Waggoner-Wagoner FamilyOnline digital version (free) of a 1941 book on the descendants of  John Waggoner, born in 1758 in Wasselonne, Alsace, France, who later immigrated to  Maryland. WAGNER  Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Wagner  ancestors around the world. FamilySearch - WAGNER  GenealogyExplore over 3.7  million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Wagner surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. WAGNER  Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Wagner  surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - WAGNER  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Wagner. GeneaNet - Wagner  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Wagner  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Wagner Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Wagner  surname from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Helicopter parents, noobs and brain candy - Emphasis

Helicopter parents, noobs and brain candy Helicopter parents, noobs and brain candy As a new year begins, you cant help but look back on the one just passed: its gains and losses, its highs and lows, the memorable moments and those best forgotten. So why not do the same for the words and terms that entered our lives or at least the dictionaries in 2011?* You can make your own mind up about which of those categories these words fall into, but more to the point can you pick the correct definition for each from the choices below? 1. boomerang childa young adult who regularly travels abroad, returning home only to save up enough money to go travelling againa young adult who returns to live at his or her family home, especially for financial reasons a child who must divide his or her time between the two households of separated parents2. helicopter parenta parent whose presence in his or her child’s life is sporadic owing to business or other outside responsibilitiesa parent who is overly involved in the life of his or her child a parent who travels extensively with young children in tow3. robocalla telephone call from an automated source that delivers a pre-recorded message to a large number of people a voicemail message delivered by a robotic voice as a result of a text message inadvertently being sent to a landlinethe experience of calling a helpline and being faced with a recorded series of instructions and pre-recorded information4. brain candybroadly appealing, undemanding entertainment that is not intellectually stimulating a person (usually a woman) who is considered to be both highly intelligent and very attractivean ironic term for foods that are supposedly beneficial for one’s body and brain, but not pleasurable to consume5. nooba desirable young man or woman (from ‘nubile’)a foolish mistake or gaffe, perpetrated because one is new to an activitya novice or newcomer to a profession or activity 6. mumpreneura person who makes a living selling items targeted at new mothersa woman who combines running her own business with looking after her children a woman who starts a new career or business after her children have left home7. mamila middle-aged man in Lycra a middle-aged man in leggingsa man who favours dressing in animal-prints8. emberrorista person who records incidents involving friends or acquaintances in embarrassing situations and posts them on the interneta person who targets members of the public or celebrities with practical jokes using hidden cameras for television or online broadcastan organisation or person that seeks to reveal potentially embarrassing information – often as a political weapon 9. foodoira film charting the journey food items take, from cultivation to consumptionthe practice of bringing food into the bedroom (combination of ‘food’ and ‘boudoir’)a blog or book combining memoir and recipes 10. nurdlea very small pellet of plastic that serves as raw material in the manufacture of plastic products an obstacle or hurdle that must be negotiated within an online gaming worldan awkward or strange person Let us know how you got on. Have you used any of the terms? (Weve already heard from a keen cricketer about an alternative meaning for one of them.) If not, will you be adding any of them to your vocabulary? And which ones (if any) are you hoping to forget long before the year is out? * Words taken from 2011 entries in Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary, Concise Oxford English Dictionary and Collins English Dictionary And if thats put you in a quizzing mood, why not pit yourself against our fiendish spelling test?

Quiz Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Quiz - Assignment Example In order to identify with the UCC contract, the product that the parties exchange must exist, in the current case the product is the jet-ski. Article 2 of UCC governs every phase of transactions and describes remedies for problems that might arise. The contract involving Andy and the local Kawaskai dealership is effective when the parties exchange goods under the Uniform Commercial Code provisions. Unfortunately, the product broke down the second day. Andy decides to return the product back to the seller. The dealer refuses to refund the money that Andy demands (LII 1). The UCC has a clear description and remedies for problems that might arise in transactions. The law has a provision for warranty stating that a buyer can return goods to the seller in case the goods prove to be faulty within a specific period. Provisions for a warranty allow for replacement in case of a faulty product acquired from the buyer. The law only entitles Andy to get a replacement for goods and not receive a refund of the money. Andy’s action is unjustified and should only get a replacement for the jet-ski since he had entered into a contract. Section 2-725, is the Statute of limitation in the contract for sale. The law clarifies that parties must clarify any action of breach of contract within four years after initiating the course of action. Otherwise, the parties can as well shorten the time limitation to a period not less a year. The statement connotes that the buyer must notify the seller of any breach of contract within a specific period. The buyer and the seller can adjust the period from four years to not less than one year. Within the period, the buyer can notify the seller for any breach of contract. In section 2-601, there are provisions on breach in installment contracts that provide the buyer some rights on improper delivery. The provisions are, however, subject to sections of contractual limitations of remedy. If the seller declines to conform to all

The Usefulness of Motivation Theory for Managers Essay

The Usefulness of Motivation Theory for Managers - Essay Example According to the research findings, managers can use motivation theory to understand and address the training and development needs of an employee. For example, McGregor’s theory can guide managers to provide generic training or facilitate further studies for employees in order to make them feel valued and capable. This way, managers can retain talent or confidently delegate some duties to employees because they can handle them with ease. The knowledge of motivation theory enables managers to set specific achievable goals. Using Herzberg’s theory, for example, managers can establish good communication and allow employees to work with convenience in order to meet their department or unit’s goals. The lack of communication and convenience, which are examples of Herzberg’s hygiene factors, can cause employees to be de-motivated in working towards the set goals. Finally, managers with the knowledge of motivation theory acknowledge the importance of involving employees in the goal-setting process. For example, McClelland’s acquired needs theory will help managers to allow employees contribute to goal setting because this will help craft these goals in a way that appeals to the employees’ need for achievement. It is easy for employees to commit themselves to the goals that they consider achievable.  

The End of American Exceptionalism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The End of American Exceptionalism - Assignment Example However, Woods tainted his reputation and that of his country despite the global respect that he had attained over time in his career. This had a major effect of undermining the historical American exceptionalism that had put the nation at a superior level in the face of the global nations (LeVine, 2009). As an indirect technical rejoinder, Obama proves to the world that America still owns its superpowers. He delivers a powerful speech to the world that shifts the global attention from the tainted side of America to a more convincing side of the same. However, either through America’s leadership history or Woods’ misdeeds, the brand that America has boasted about long is under threat (Beinar, 2014). Like Obama, Woods humbly accepts his mistakes and expresses willingness to change and restore their country’s reputation. Obama who is a victim of the mistakes made by his predecessors openly accepts the nation's failures attributed to historical mistakes. This is so despite the fact that he may not mention or wish to know the how, where and when the misdeeds caused by his predecessors came about. On his part, Woods accepts his mistakes and he pretty understands how his wrong deeds served to tarnish the nation’s image. Both Woods and Obama intercept at the point that mistakes recognized and accepted, preserve and or restores America’s national brand despite the fact that challenging the costs and justification for such mistakes may not be possible (LeVine, 2009). Obama understands very well what the repercussions for mentioning and detailing the mistakes would be felt severely by the U.S. Mentioning what exactly transpired during the past regimes, even if he knew a million about them, would threaten the country’s reputation and international pride. The world views America as a powerful and autonomous nation that wields a vast socio-economic command over other nations in the world... However, Obama understands that when the past mistakes, injustices and constraints of the predecessors were to be unearthed in details, the nation could lose considerable amounts of power and command in the socio-economic aspect.  Ã‚  

Discussion board seven Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion board seven - Coursework Example ng provides several opportunities for career advancement; these include advancement into management positions, regional health officers, and heads of sections. There are several career opportunities with advanced nursing degrees; these are Clinical Nurse Specialists, Legal Nurse Consultants, Certified Nurse Midwife, Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist, and Nurse Attorney. Advancement in the nursing career comes with several benefits for nurses. First, advancement in the nursing career brings a great deal of self-fulfillment to a person (OLynn, 2013). The nurses can choose their own path in the career ladder. Buchan and Black (2011) argue that making a difference in the lives of people they care for daily guarantees personal fulfillment. Second, advanced nurses have a wide range of knowledge to provide for the needs of diverse patients (Yoder-Wise, 2011). As they advance, nurses are exposed to both theoretical and practical knowledge pertinent in the field of nursing. Third, advanced nurses have wide range of specializations to choose from; they can either work in offices, at the bedsides, or even outside the hospital. Fourth, advanced nurses are guaranteed of job security because hospitals cannot work without them. I think all nurses should have advanced degrees in nursing. Advanced degree in nursing will enable nurses to enjoy several benefits associated with advanced careers in the field. These include personal fulfillment, increased knowledge for healthcare provision, access to several specializations for choosing, and job

Maintaining proper business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Maintaining proper business ethics - Essay Example Maintaining proper business ethics In this regard, those businesses that uphold moral practices are profitable in that they are able to meet the right standards of product quality while avoiding legal suits against them. This also goes hand in hand with the businesses’ reputation, which does not suffer adverse publicity with regard to its ethical operations. Such business are cautious not to any business malpractices as that would result to farfetched problems that might compromise their profit margins. Conversely, the assertion that good ethics results to good business only applies to businesses that are desired to last as benefits from business ethics only accrue in the long run. In other words, businesses competition in the market and desire for short-term benefits that will ensure business sustainability is what drives many businesses. Similarly, the economic viability of business ethics gradually declines even in the long run and companies are forced to take stringent unpopular decisions that are crucial f or business sustainability. For instance, many companies have had to infringe on their employees privacy by implementing internet usage monitoring policies. Some businesses have also had to lay off part of their labor force in spite of the public outcry and ethical implications, as part of structural adjustment programs. This now leads as to the second assertion that good business results in business ethics, and in this case, it is believed that the drive for profits will force businesses to uphold proper business ethics.... In this regard, the desire for sustainability will result to  good business ethics as businesses are forced to conform to proper business ethics. For instance, many companies are forced to show concern for environmental conservation as part of their collective corporate responsibility, in order to ensure sustainability of the natural environment and its resources. Environmental policies impact positively on the companies’ reputation, as they are able to show the companies' concern and responsiveness to environmental matters. The companies also avoid damaging publicity that could result from legal suits against them from the government or concerned parties; these may arise due to the companies’ breach of corporate responsibility in environmental conservation. However, the assertion that good business results to good business ethic is pegged on the assumption that all the concerned parties will exert pressures on corporate to act responsibly. This may not be the case in all contexts, as seen where consumers opt for cheaper counterfeit products regardless of the health risks involved. Employees might also be lured with financial incentives into foregoing their privacies and sense of ethical practices; this encourages companies to indulge in unethical business practices by flouting their social corporate responsibility. In view of the two assertions discussed above, it is evident that the issue of business ethics is as critical to businesses as their concern for profits (Camus). Ethical businesses are socially responsible, and the reverse is applicable in that a socially responsible business is ethical. In this regard, business

Discussion board seven Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion board seven - Coursework Example ng provides several opportunities for career advancement; these include advancement into management positions, regional health officers, and heads of sections. There are several career opportunities with advanced nursing degrees; these are Clinical Nurse Specialists, Legal Nurse Consultants, Certified Nurse Midwife, Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist, and Nurse Attorney. Advancement in the nursing career comes with several benefits for nurses. First, advancement in the nursing career brings a great deal of self-fulfillment to a person (OLynn, 2013). The nurses can choose their own path in the career ladder. Buchan and Black (2011) argue that making a difference in the lives of people they care for daily guarantees personal fulfillment. Second, advanced nurses have a wide range of knowledge to provide for the needs of diverse patients (Yoder-Wise, 2011). As they advance, nurses are exposed to both theoretical and practical knowledge pertinent in the field of nursing. Third, advanced nurses have wide range of specializations to choose from; they can either work in offices, at the bedsides, or even outside the hospital. Fourth, advanced nurses are guaranteed of job security because hospitals cannot work without them. I think all nurses should have advanced degrees in nursing. Advanced degree in nursing will enable nurses to enjoy several benefits associated with advanced careers in the field. These include personal fulfillment, increased knowledge for healthcare provision, access to several specializations for choosing, and job

Effects of Organic and Conventional Management Practices on Soil Assignment

Effects of Organic and Conventional Management Practices on Soil Quality - Assignment Example The different crop management practices involved in conventional farming that include mixing of soil by tillage frequently and then leaving the soil exposed during significant periods of time lead to rising oxidation of organic matter and also reduces the levels of organic matter significantly thereby increasing the risks of soil erosion (Glinski, Horabik & Lipiec, 2011, p.527). It was during the 1990s that the crop management practices involved in conventional farming were questioned owing to the heavy use of chemicals. These chemicals had the potential ability to cause environmental degradation (Hunter, 2004, p.45). Studies have revealed that the quality of the soil under such farming practices have been poor thereby increasing the costs of the products as well as health. Considering these effects the long term sustainability of the conventional farming has been questioned against the alternative practices being available. Indirect costs including the offsite damage from erosion of soil, pollution in the surface and ground water, hazards to health of both human and animal, and damage to wildlife from conventional farming practices are at the moment tolerated by the humanity (Reganold, n.d.). Conventional farming has proved to have certain negative effects of the quality of the soil. Owing to the exposed nature of the soil, the productivity of the soil tends to get reduced due to wind and water erosion, compaction of soil, soil organic matter getting lost, accompanied by losses in water holding capacity and biological activity.

Act II of Titus Andronicus Essay Example for Free

Act II of Titus Andronicus Essay In contemporary prose, but creating a voice and style which is suitable for the character write a dramatic monologue in the style of Aaron reflecting on the motivation for his actions at one point in Act II of Titus Andronicus. Act 2.3 Line 1 (page 114) Enter Aaron alone Hiding a bag of gold is not an act of absurdity; it is an act of retribution that I, Aaron have kindly donated to the spiteful Andronicus. The smell of sweet vengeance under my black second class citizen nose travels up through my right nostril and straight into my wisdom. My wisdom constantly conquering the smell of seduction that passes via the left nostril. Aaron’s mind trapped into achieving revenge. Whatever happens after this bag of gold vanishes, I promise to thee beautiful Tamora I am a man of my word. However a word may not be possibly used to characterize me. Rome’s beloved ornament metamorphosed into the Goths rape hole. The hole in which many men fall into. The day of doom is soon to commence, blood will emerge from these holes. Many years of untouched love will soon experience forced pleasure. Once this deed is done, the empress of my soul will have to be dealt with, the same way ornament of Rome’s chastity will be branded. Aaron digs up a hole and hides the bag of gold The wilderness surroundings are perfect this morning, hardly a bird in sight, the cold wind brushing green leaves past the buried treasure, covering its abused soil. Aaron takes a seat on a shallow tree stump The letter is ready to be sent; the tongue will soon be dealt with. Oh the way these dark tree’s would look more attractive with a hint of Andronicus blood splattered around it, Titus himself has slain his children so I may aswell join him! What sociopath slays there own children? Off with their heads! Here’s to villainy, and here’s to headless Rome. Oh if only headless Rome had Aarons charming eyes there would be no problem! Aaron mounts a big boulder, arises high After this day of doom commences, my lightning will have struck down Bassianus. One step closer to clutch my empress by her waist, her tender soft skin grasping onto my cold rough arms, many years of passionate love, yet so many years left to discover the wilderness of her body, the holes to drill by and the power to enforce to the people of Rome. My avidity towards my very own newborn, to cherish and love. A child to follow Aaron’s footsteps, a child whom will shine in pearl and gold. A child that will also put shame to the name of Andronicus. Alas! The smell of seduction overwhelming me through these thoughts going on through my mind. Time is ticking, vengeance is my priority. Aaron shall go and continue observing ensuring this lightning will strike Bassianus without any witnesses to sabotage this genius plan. Halt. Who continues to approach the great Aaron and interfere with his master plans? Enter Tamora alone with Aaron (466 words) The commentary: Within the first few sentences of the monologue I have used an extended metaphor. â€Å"Constantly conquering the smell of seduction that passes via the left nostril,† this is showing what Aaron is mainly focusing on throughout this monologue. The seduction being Tamora which is clashing with his drive to vengeance, â€Å"The smell of sweet vengeance.† I have used this metaphor to recreate what happens in act 2.3 when Tamora tries to seduce Aaron when she enters, which is showing how driven Aaron is to vengeance. I have put this monologue in before Tamora actually walks in to foreshadow the state of mind of Aaron, this is further backed up by â€Å"smell of seduction overwhelming me† and â€Å"Time is ticking, vengeance is my priority.† The repetition I have used here is used to enforce Aaron’s drive to vengeance. Shakespeare has used alliteration of ‘h’ to enforce Aaron’s drive to vengeance in act 2.3, â€Å"Blood and revenge are hammering in my head† this is what provoked me to repeat the idea of vengeance and seduction in the structure of my monologue; it reflects what Aaron is trying to conquer. I have repeated the word â€Å"hole† throughout this monologue because I realised a lot of the main events that occurred during Act 2.3 revolved around the idea of a hole/pit/ditch; â€Å"Metamorphosed into the Goths rape hole. The hole in which many men fall into.† Bassianus is found dead in a pit followed by Quintus and Martius who also fall into this â€Å"unhallowed and bloodstained hole.† Lavinia also having her ‘hole’ violated by force. The constant reference to a hole represents a mark of death; â€Å"blood-drinking pit.† It also can refer to the two fertile holes in this act which is both shown, the rape of lavinia and the seduction from Tamora. â€Å"Blood will emerge from these holes† this quote continues to symbolise the inevitable rape and death events due to take place soon in the act. â€Å"Hiding a bag of gold is not an act of absurdity; it is an act of retribution† by using this quote this is showing that Aaron is seeking retribution. I used the word ‘retribution’ due to Aaron’s stature in 1593 where Titus Andronicus was set; throughout the play he is referred to â€Å"Moor† and looked as a â€Å"devil† due to his â€Å"hue.† â€Å"Ay, like a black dog as the saying is† â€Å"Aaron will have his soul black like his face† here he is embracing what has been forced upon him. He has referred himself to a ‘black dog’ it’s almost as if he is doing these heinous deeds to fit his stereotypes. Shakespeare has referred black people to animals; ‘a toad.’ Throughout the book Aaron gets agony over the coulor of his skin. This can explain the motivation of his evil, as he has been treated like a second class citizen for far too long; he has been a victim of society. This is why this â€Å"bag of gold† is going to help him redeem retribution; the bag of gold is also referred to â€Å"buried treasure† which shows this bag has meaning, the stage direction of him burying in a hole shows this as well. In the start of act 2.3 he orders Tamora around, â€Å"Now question me no more; we are espied† from analysing this quote it goes to show that Aaron spends a lot of time planning his actions before executing them which shows he is very organised. I have reflected this in my monologue by using directional hypothesis in his words. â€Å"Tongue will be dealt with† â€Å"lightning will have struck down† by using the word â€Å"will† it is showing his determination in his planning. â€Å"Continues to approach the great Aaron and interfere with his master plans? The rhetorical question used here shows that Aaron’s character is much organised, it is also meant to show the hubris of him as a character as he has referred to him in 3rd person aswell as calling him â€Å"the great† and that his plans are â€Å"master plans.† All of the planning ahead and self belief in his words reflect his arrogant, self confident mind frame. â€Å"Sociopath slays there own children?† I have used these exact words to debate on how a character of such pure evil can contrast to the hero of the play. Titus having slain his son is looked down upon by Aaron, who from my eyes of the play is the sociopath. Me using the word ‘sociopath’ in this way shows that Aaron himself may not know that other people may class him as the sociopath; to him he is just that â€Å"second class citizen.† This could be the reason for his motivation of evil as throughout the play he is known as Aaron the ‘barbarous moor.’ Shakespeare has used stereotypes to Aaron’s skin coulor which suggests he is nothing but a typical evil black man; funnily enough his character reflects this throughout the play. I have used the quote â€Å"However a word may not be possibly used to characterize me† to suggest even Aaron himself does not know what he is; he has a richly complex and ambiguous appeal. In at 2.3 when he tells Tamora â€Å"Blood and revenge are hammering in my head† but does not tell us any specific reason why apart from the war against the Goths and Rome suggests his actions are all evil. When it comes down to children he seems to have an interesting contrast to parenthood compared to Titus. I have foreshadowed Aaron’s kindness to children because later on in the play he himself has a child. â€Å"A child whom will shine in pearl and gold. A child that† this quote is meant to show Aarons desperation to children, this is also the reason why I have mentioned Tamora’s seduction to be on his mind as much as revenge, revenge is his priority yet it makes sense why Tamora could is his second priority. The stage directions used in this monologue is also briefly showing Aaron is up to something, Enter Aaron alone, Aaron digs up a hole and hides the bag of gold, Aaron takes a seat on a shallow tree stump, Enter Tamora alone with Aaron. From these stage directions the structure of them is leading to something inevitable, I have used the stage directions in this effect because Shakespeare uses a lot of stage directions throughout Titus to structure the scene chronologically so it is much more effective. Overall Aaron can be interpreted as this loathsome, diabolical character with an obnoxious attitude. However I ultimately think those who are brought up in a society where being a different coulor is basically illegal influences the way the character undertakes life later on. I think the evil that lurks inside Aaron is innate, and it is there not to inflict pain, but to deliver an act of retribution due to the way he has been treated in early life.

Case study Del Montes vision

Case study Del Montes vision Brand Del Monte is a 118 year old brand which is synonymous with quality and taste. The brand  originated in the US and is now available all across the globe. Del Monte has branded processed food and beverage products. The Del Monte range include Fruit drinks, Ketchup Sauces, Packaged Fruits and the Italian Range consisting of Pasta, Olive Oil and Olives/Jalapenos and a Culinary range which is aimed at HORECA, Foodservices and QSR industries. Bharti Del Monte Joint Venture Del Monte came to India in 2007 courtesy a joint venture company known a FieldFresh Foods Pvt between Bharti Enterprises and Del Monte Pacific. It sells fresh and processed fruits and vegetables in the domestic as well as international markets, including Europe and the Middle East. Bharti enterprise has interests in telecom, agri business, financial services, retail and manufacturing businesses in India. Del Monte Pacific Ltd, headquartered in Manila, Philippines, is a company engaged in the production, marketing, and distribution of Del Monte products in the select Asian markets. Del Monte has following product lines in India: Sauces, Juices, Italian cuisine and Packaged fruit. The market size of these products approximately Rs 4000 crore and it will grow at 20% per annum and faces competition from players like Nestle, Hindustan Unilever, Dabur, Parle Agro, Pepsi, ITC, Heinz in India. The company has invested Rs 300 crore in a food processing plant at Hosur in Tamil Nadu and in research on fruit and vegetables which will be operational by 2011. It is now selling products in 25 cities in India. Product Lines in India Ketchups and Sauces Del Monte has launched following four variants in this product line in India and they are : Del Monte Tomato Ketchup: Is made from quality tomato paste and secret blend of spices natural fragrant oils. Del Monte Zingo: Is made from of Red chillies, Red Bell Pepper, Garlic and Ginger. It offers sweet and spicy eastern taste to the consumers. Del Monte Twango: Del Monte TWANGO is a tangy and fruity sauce specially aimed at the younger audiences, and brings a twist to the tomato taste with a splash of the goodness Del Monte Tomato Chilli Sauce: Del Monte Tomato Chilli Sauce is made from tomato paste and hint of red chillies it has a pungent and tangy taste. Packaged Fruit Corn Del Monte has launched Pineapple Tidbits, Pineapple slices, Peach halves, Prunes and Fruit Cocktails in India. Italian Range Del Monte has launched Olives, Pasta and Extra Virgin Oil in India. These product lines popularly used by Restaurants, Caterers and consumers are also using these products at home. Fruit Drinks Del Monte has launched 5 variants under the Fruit drinks in 240 ml cans and dispensers. Percentage Share of Different Product Lines The graph given below gives the current percentage share of different product lines in India: Chapter 5: Current Marketing Strategy Chapter Highlights: Target Market Positioning Product Strategy Distribution Strategy Pricing Strategy Promotional Strategy CURRENT MARKETING STRATEGY Target Market: The Indian youth segment residing in Indian cities age 16-25 is Del Montes primary target market. Positioning: Del Monte Fruit Drinks current positioning is delivering Refreshment, convenience and nutritional value to the youth. Product Strategy Del Monte Fruit Drinks have 5 flavours: Pineapple Fruit Drink (with real fruit pulp) Four Seasons Fruit Drink (a delightful mix of guava, pineapple and mango) Pineapple-Orange Fruit Drink Green Apple Fruit Drink Orange Fruit Drink Product Benefits: Del Monte fruit drinks are naturally fat and cholesterol free, they are rich in antioxidants, they are a good source of Vitamin C and Vitamin B1 and do not have any artificial preservatives. Packaging: Del Monte Fruit Drink is selling its juices in aluminium cans of 240 ml and so it possible to have a shelf life of 24 months. Del Monte Fruit Drink has setup dispensers which can dispense 20 cups a minute. Distribution Strategy COMPANY WAREHOUSE DISTRIBUTOR GENERAL TRADE RETAILERS/ WHOLESALERS MODERN TRADE RETAILERS END USER HOTELS RESTAURANTS CATERING B2B MARKET B2C MARKET Del Monte products are sold in B2C and B2B markets: B2B market In the Business to Business Market Del Monte fruit drink cans along with other Del Monte products are sold to and used over 2200 institutions in the HORECA: Hotels/Restaurants/ Catering(Airlines) segments. Restaurants like: Coffee Day Xpress, Dominos, Subway and Barista, and low cost airlines like: Jet Lite, Jet Connect and Indigo. Del Monte has over 70 persons they help the distributors to sell to institutions. B2C Market Del Monte operates in B2C market and these products are available in 25 cities including major cities like Delhi/NCR, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune and Kolkata. The company has Distributors and Retailers (Modern Trade and General Trade) as its Channel partners. Del Monte has also setup vending machines and dispensers in institutions and tourist spots to reach the end users more effectively. Distributors The company appoints distributors who supply Del Montes product lines (Ketchups Sauces, Italian Range, Fruit Drinks Packaged Fruit Corn) to general trade outlets and to some modern trade outlets in the major cities. Each distributor has approximately 200 -600 retailers under him and the average monthly sales for each distributor is between Rs 250000- Rs 1500000. Del Monte offers a margin of 7% to its distributors. General Trade Retailers/Wholesalers Del Monte supplies products to 30,000 retailers in 25 cities. It supplies to major General Trade Retailers or the Kirana Shops (neighbourhood grocery stores)/Wholesalers in these cities. These retailers/wholesalers get their supply from distributors who take orders on a fortnightly/weekly basis. These shops have an average purchase ticket of Rs 30,000 per month. Modern Trade Retailers Del Monte is supplying its supermarkets, convenient stores (In and Out store at IOCL Petrol pumps) and speciality food stores (Eg: Le Marche) and the company is selling to them directly through its sales force and some of the modern trade outlets are also supplied through distributors. These are organisations purchase their products weekly and their average purchase ticket vary between Rs 20,000 to Rs 2000000. Distribution Penetration Pricing Strategy Del Monte Fruit Drinks are available in 240 ml cans for Rs. 25. The Del Monte fruit drink offered through dispensers is available in 200 ml cups for Rs 20. Promotion Strategy Del Monte has relied on in store promotions for its Fruit Drinks i.e. price discounts, buy one get one offers and promotional material such as posters displays to promote Fruit Drinks in retail outlets. Del Monte launched Legend Brigade to popularise the range of Del Monte fruit drinks in pineapple, four seasons, pineapple-orange and the newly-launched green apple and orange flavours. This activation will travel to metros and mini-metros where the winner will receive a custom-made bike worth Rs 200,000. Del Monte has also launched an online biker game is on at its micro site, www.worldfoody.com to promote thrill of biking.

KING TUBBY’S REIGN :: essays papers

KING TUBBY’S REIGN "Dub mean raw riddim. Dub jus’ mean raw music, nuttin water-down. Version is like your creativeness off the riddim, without voice." Osbourne Ruddock, known professionally and affectionately as ‘King Tubby’, the ‘Dub Master’ of all dub masters, is truly the Daddy of Dub, in every sense of the word. Not only was he one of the most innovative musical engineers of his time, but an artist, a pioneer, and a teacher to the procession of dub masters that would follow in his shadow. The list is endless of those he influenced first-handedly, including such noble names as Hopeton ‘Scientist’ Brown, Philip Smart, Lee ‘Scratch’ Perry, Prince Jammy, and Yabby You, to name a few. His reign as the ‘Dub Master’ lasted for nearly a decade, but his innovative techniques, spaced out rhythms, and overall inventiveness have left a lasting imprint on the dub scene. King Tubby is dub, and he will never be forgotten. January 28, 1941 marks the day this emperor, Osbourne Ruddock, was born into the world. He was raised on High Holborn Street in Central Kingston, remaining there until 1955 when he moved to the Waterhouse district. (1) His career took off very slowly, as it did not have a title, never mind an available position, at that time. He began working as a radio technician, or repairman, and by the late 1950’s, had already started experimenting with sound system amplifiers, manipulating the available sounds to ones that sounded native of outer space. By 1964, he had his own Tubby’s ‘Home Town Hi-Fi’ system, to which he would eventually incorporate a custom reverb and an echo facilitator. During this time, he had taken up a job, working for Duke Reid as a disc-cutter. One day when Tubs was mixing up a version for Reid, he accidentally left out pieces of the vocal track from the recording. After replaying the mix, he found himself pleased with the sound he had inadvertently created. Tubby began to take the latest Rocksteady hits and create new versions of them by "dropping the vocal track, boosting parts of the instrumental track, and add(ing) subtles effects like echo or delay to the instruments he had isolated", writes John Dougan.(2) Without knowing it, Tubs had stumbled upon a whole new era for Reggae: he had invented DUB. In order to get his new sounds heard and recognized by the public, Tubby ambushed the radio waves in the early 1970’s by hijacking one of the two lines available in Kingston.

Paul Gustave Dore Essay

While accompanying his father and older brother in Paris, Gustave discovered the allure of Paris and made known his intention to remain and pursue his career as an artist (Hubbard 5-8). His work is generally considered as Romanticism and he has been labeled one of the greatest illustrators of his time. His lack of formal training created both derision among art critics and a cult following among common people who could relate to his work. He possessed a grasp of what would be popular among the common folks of his time and a flair for the dramatics in his works. It could be said that the Parisian Art world did not side with him because he did not struggle or starve as most artist did and his financial success was a threat to the very core of Art (McWilliam 829-830). His was a time of great discovery, both scientific and artistic, and an industrial revolution the likes of which gave wealth to the very few. When he abandoned caricature work, he did try to redeem himself but, could not break the yoke of commercial production and its promise of wealth (Hubbard 5-8). His inability to sway his critics and peers in his birthplace and formative city (Paris) forced him to ply his wares in England and across the Atlantic to the United States. Gustave Dore became the darling of England and America, and managed to make millions during his half century of life and produced a staggering amount of sketches. At one point of his career as an illustrator, he employed forty blockcutters (WebMuseum 1). Gustave Dore dabbled in both painting and sculpture during his later years and was purported to be a violinist and tenor singer (Hubbard 5-8). The work of Gustave Dore is both loved and spurned during his lifetime but, he certainly maintained a life of wealth his father could not have made and he owed it all to his prodigious pencil. The following works by Gustave Dore, we will examine his favored subjects and themes that showed the suffering of poor people and presented these in surrounding treatment that emphasized those suffering. . Extracted from a book by Blanchard Jerrold and illustrated by Gustave Dore. The book was commissioned as a type of guide through the many streets and venues of London, in essence a Tourist Book (Spartacus. choolnet. co. uk). Instead it became a rendition of the lower class and their plight. A story in the Port Cities: Leisure, health and housing – Social conditions in the 19th-century Website cites the following: An artist’s impression of poverty For those whose imaginations could not be stirred by social commentators like Booth and Mearns, the French artist Gustave Dore (1832-1 883) visited London and produced horrific illustrations of life in the port areas that shocked public opinion. Although a commercial success, many of the critics disliked his work. The critics’ reaction Several critics were angry that Dore had appeared to focus on the poverty that existed on the waterfront, rather than on the finer aspects of life in the metropolis. He was accused by the Art Journal of ‘inventing rather than copying’. Completely missing the point, The Westminster Review complained that ‘Dore gives us sketches in which the commonest, the vulgarest external features are set down’. (PortCities London. org) Analysis of Formal Elements – One of the most fundamental elements of art is line. [Sayre 82] 1Variety and Quality of Lines Homeless people of London deadened on a bench, third quarter 19th century Figure 1 – Museum of Louvre department of the Graphic arts,  © Museums of France, 1998 Dore’s pencil drawing shows a clear outline of each figure with the use of a heavier line and the details using lighter lines. The implied and contour lines in the garments indicate worn use and filth. The vertical and horizontal rendering on the bench enables the viewer to perceive a seating area made of stone thereby heightening the plight of the homeless and impoverished that is depicted here. The development of each subject is made through the use of foreshortening and perspective. The foreshortening implies a reclining figure surrounded by seated figures. The perception of three dimensions is brought about through the use of reserve, or white background of the paper, on the standing baby and the face of the sleeping girl with a hat. The darker rendering of the other subjects suggest repose while the highlighted baby is awake. The cross hatching and hatching of the garments in uneven manner depicts clothing that is disheveled, worn, and filthy. Couple and Two Children Sleeping on a London Bridge Figure 1 – http://www. bergercollection. org/artwork_detail. php? i=167# Dore in Figure 2 now uses a more expressive line in the treatment of the subjects and dark heavy graduated in weight to specify large folds in the clothing and the edge lip of the bench, shown as details in Figure 3 and 4. A sepia wash is used to introduce as a possible element of a darkening sky dotted with white spots indicating stars. To the upper left of the figures is a depiction of crosses faintly visible implying the mast of tall ships thereby implying a port in the distance? The stone bench is still presented by straight vertical and horizontal lines but as opposed to Figure 1, it now shows details such as cracks that normally propagate in stone material. All the figures are dark and disheveled in appearance. Their clothing is depicted in an unkempt appearance and the scene shows a sense of separation from the upper class society because of the way they are lying on the bench, even though they are presented in a manner of dress inure to the upper class. My first impression was a family waiting for transportation to where I do not know after a night out on the town. Normally figures, during that century, waiting for transportation are sitting upright. Dore does not address in his drawing here the same condition as Figure 1. When I first saw this work, I chose not to look at the title and make some preconceived notion as to what was being depicted. When I noticed the implied ship mast in the background, which setup the next perception as a port, it inherently supported my theory of awaiting transportation. Alas, it was not correct and this may shed some light into Dore’s eventual illustration in Figure 5 of the same scene depicting a more impoverished set of subjects on a bench awaiting the light of day. Included as a reference to the depiction of poor vs. wealthy is Figure 6, one of just a few of the drawings the publisher thought would be prevalent in the book. Figure 1 – http://www. bergercollection. org/artwork_detail. php? i=167# Figure 2 – http://www. bergercollection. org/artwork_detail. php? i=167# London: A Pilgrimage, Asleep Under the Stars Figure 1 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html London: A Pilgrimage, A Ball at the Mansion House Figure 2 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html 2Spatial Strategy A Whitechapel Coffeehouse Figure 3 Use of a frontal recession, street level linear perspective is tantamount to depicting the main figures in this almost monochromatic painting. Dore’s lines are generalized and are meant to capture immediately the scene in its moment. The central figures show a more upright and important stance than the outlying supporting subjects. Their turned bodies show an intense attention to the entrance of these key figures. The key figures wardrobe is straight and the outlying figures show crumpled clothing which may imply poverty. It is not until the illustration in Figure 7 that the sense of desperation among the non-central figures is clearly delineated. It is also in this illustration that the claustrophic effect that Dore is famous for is in full effect. The painting shows a more elevated perspective than the illustration. I have started to question Dore’s intent in the production of these illustrations. Even though his name is clearly on the lower left corner on most prints, the blockcutters name is on the lower right. This clearly implies an employer to employee relationship and does not necessarily imply apprenticeship. The distinct change from study or conceptual drawing to print supports this remark. London: A Pilgrimage, A Whitechapel Coffeehouse Figure 4 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html 3Light and Color The Charity of the fishmongers: study in a district of London, 4th quarter 19th century Figure 1– Museum of Louvre department of the Graphic arts,  © Museums of France, 1998 Dore produced this work five years after the release of the illustrated book London: A Pilgrimage. His rendering of color does not lend itself well to translating key formal elements. Why he chose to color the gathering of men in red is in contradiction to the clear shaft of white light shining on the fishmonger and children. The gathering of men looks to be outside due to the street pole with what may be gaslights. It is reported that Dore was color blind and was not adept at color shading (Malan 1). If it were not for the title I may have mistook this as a gathering of children at a fish market with their caretaker. Under closer scrutiny it shows the children as lacking shoes and wearing torn soiled clothing. 4Texture and Pattern London: A Pilgrimage, Houndsditch Figure 2 – http://www. f. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html London: A Pilgrimage, Found in the Street Figure 3 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html Here again his lack of training shows through on the use of light, shading and shadows. His surrounding treatment is far below his work illustrating Dante’s Inferno or the Bible. Looking at Figure 10 gives th e impression that the candle is giving off more light than it is truly capable of producing. There is also an imbalance to the scene because of the light. Artistic license aside, I prefer George de la Tours rendering in Joseph the Carpenter [Sayre 175]. The Figures clearly show the impoverished condition that has befallen the subjects in the picture and shows, as if in a photograph, the dire predicament that requires immediate intervention 5Comparisons The well meaning Dore did have influences during his formative years and it came about through his beginnings as a caricature artist. Artist like Grandville was admired enough by Dore that he went to him for advice on matters concerning his art. Dore studied closely the work of the first comic strip artist Rodolphe Toepher and this may have created a caricature memory strategy that was difficult to overcome (Duncum 97, 98). Lion Devouring a Rabbit Figure 1 – Eugene DelaCroix DelaCroix’s lion bears a more realistic representation of the animal than the one Gustave Dore’s illustrated on the cover drawing (Figure 15) for the book London: A Pilgrimage. Dore’s lion seems to melt into the surrounding environment and the foreshortening of the front paw and rear paw are not in keeping with the rules of perspective. Hercules at the Crossroads Figure 2 – Albrecht Durer (Germany) circa 1498 London: A Pilgrimage, Gustave Dore Figure 3 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html Albrecht Durer’s treatment of the muscular human male may seem to fall within the same realm as Dore’s human male in his cover drawing but, it shows Dore’s lack of formal training in the way the back muscles are rendered. Durer studied human anatomy extensively including bone structure, which I believe Dore did not fully grasp. London: A Pilgrimage, Newgate Exercise Yard Figure 4 – http://www. cf. ac. uk/encap/skilton/illustr/index. html There have been questions in the art world as to the influence of Dore on other artist; one in particular is Van Gogh who referred to him as the Artist of the People (Study Light Org). † Van Gogh had produced a picture called â€Å"Prison Yard† and it was presented without reference to being after a major artist and this was not acceptable. The critic clearly states the resemblance of the picture to Dore’s above in Figure 17 and describes it as â€Å"a tolerably literal rendering of an illustration by Gustave Dore. † He does continue to deride Dore with the continuing remark â€Å"It seems as if Van Gogh had discerned, as others have, an occasional article of value in the rubbish-heap of Dore’s production (R. S. 250). This is but one example of Dore’s place in the Art Critics of his time. His development of the illustrations for the book London: A Pilgrimage brought about the issues of the paupers and homeless (Smith 997-1032). Smith projects the impression of France’s workhouses as being equal to the dreadful pictures of London in Gustave Dore’s book. In conclusion Gustave Dore succeeded in presenting to the populace at hand on the issues of poverty through study sketches that were transformed into illustrations. His rendered illustrations clearly showed the large divide between the wealthy and the poor. His handsomely paid commission did not affect what he saw as blight in society. His participation in this particular commissioned work allowed him to perform a service that could not be ignored, and his focus on the plight of the paupers created a controversy that most artists during his time could afford (Grew 204). The many sketches he made for this project is not readily encompassed by this study and many scholars are still building a repertoire of research into a man who turned a commercially paid venture into a social statement, which will provide students and teachers with questions still unanswered.