The Theory of Michelangelo’s Architecture

Michelangelo’s architecture was revolutionary to say the least when observed against the backdrop of the then accepted norms in architecture and arts in general. During his time, architects usually think of architecture and arts in universal terms as seeing the works per se as composed of mathematical numbers (measurements) or geometry. Artists of the Renaissance period expressed their arts in more commonly in abstract forms. Michelangelo, on the other hand, feels, sees, and would interact with his art as though it is an animated thing (p 38). Indeed, it is enlightening to approach a structural design through the lenses of such a genius as the Master. It is important to get enough acquaintance with the anatomy of the whole thing. For Michelangelo, the building is not just a building, but like the human body, it lives and breathes; therefore he could look at a structure and see every part of it as having its unique and special function – as nose, eyes, arms, and other parts of the body have their own special purposes for the proper functioning of the whole physique to the full benefit of the man. While the writers of medieval times would draw their ideas of architectural outline from the human anatomy, most of them do not conceive of the body as a life form. When drawing from the human body any architectural ideas, the assumed perception is that the body is a miniature of the universe with all its parts functioning in perfect harmony. This perfect synchronization though, according to the prevailing notions of the artists of those days, could not be achieved practically since – according to them – it was only an ideal and therefore could not be possibly realized in actuality. Hence, the use of numbers and measurements – in short, geometrical approach. For example, one can just look at the available models, such as those crafted by Francisco Di Giorgio (ideal church plan p. 39), and Cesariano (the Vitruvian Figure, 1521 p 40). The said models, as can be observed, are both replicas of the human body. These architectural designs were common in medieval period. Michelangelo’s attitude was somewhat off tangent when compared to his peers. Indeed, he was different and was very free in terms of his individuality, especially as it was applied to his works. Whereas his contemporaries have chosen to settle for the perfections of mathematical figures/measurements, Michelangelo argued for (as attested in his works) the â€Å"motions† and the â€Å"emotions. For Michelangelo, everything from the observer to the object – including the vast backdrop of the surroundings – are all interconnected, that when an artist sets himself to plan a building, he should consider the presumed interplay between the object (the architectural design of the building), its backdrop (the environment), and the observer. Remember, the structural design for Michelangelo was a dynamic thing which exerts its influence to the observers.

Light-Induced Transformation of Amyloplasts Into Chloroplasts

Plant Physiol. (1984) 75, 142-145 0032-0889/84/75/0 142/04/$01. 00/0 Light-Induced Transformation of Amyloplasts into Chloroplasts in Potato Tubers' Received for publication November 9, 1983 and in revised form January 19, 1984 YU S. ZHU, DENISE L. MERKLE-LEHMAN, SHAIN D. KUNG* Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Catonsville, Maryland 21228 ABSTRACT The transformation of amyloplast into chloroplasts in potato (Solawum tuberosum L. ) tuber tissue can be induced by light.Excised potato tuber discs illuminated with white light of 3000 lux bepgn to synthesize chlorophyll after a lag period of 1 day, and continued to synthesize chlorophyll for 3 weeks. In this paper we present evidence, based on ultracentrifugal sedimentation and immunoprecipitation, that the lightmediated synthesis of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase began 1 day after illumination with white light. When illuminated the chloroplasts isolated from light-grown potato tuber tissue incorporated I3SImethionine into polypeptides, one of which has been idenified as the large subunit of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase.These chloroplasts are functional as determined by 02 evolution in the Hill reaction. A great deal of data is now available on the biochemistry of the development of chloroplasts from etioplasts (6). Much less is known about the development of chloroplasts from amyloplasts, a starch storing organeile, which exists in storage tissue, roots, and some callus. It is well known that potatoes turn green on exposure to light for several days.Not only does the study of the organelle transformation and light-regulated gene expression stimulate theoretical interest, but the greening of potato also has some practical importance, since the greening of the potato is accompanied by the formation of the poisonous alkaloid, solanine (5). The morphological and ultrastructural changes in the development of chloroplasts from amyloplasts were described in several electron microscopic studies (3, 11). In this communication we present some biochemical evidence to show the function of chloroplasts from potato tuber based on the biosynthesis of Chl, RuBPCase,2 and Hill activity. lates in sterile Petri dishes (9 cm), 40 discs per dish. The discs were illuminated at room temperature by fluorescent tubes with intensity of 3000 lux. Chlorophyll and RuBPCase Determination. Chl was determined according to Arnon (2). RuBPCase was detected with a Model E analytical ultracentrifuge, as previously described (9). Schlieren pictures were taken at 44,770 rpm, 10 min after attaining this speed. An Ouchterlony double diffusion test was employed to determine the RuBPCase specifically. The antiserum was prepared against RuBPCase from tobacco (15).Light-Driven Protein Synthesis in Choroplasts. Ten g of green potato tuber discs which had been exposed to white light for 7 d were homogenized in a Waring Blendor with cold isolation buffer (sucrose 0. 35 M, Hepes-NaC l 25 mm, EDTA 2 mM, isoascorbateNa 2 mm, pH 7. 6) and filtered through 2 layers of Miracloth. The resultant filtrate was centrifuged at 30g for 1 min to remove starch granules, and the supernatant was then centrifuged at 2500g for 1 min. The pellet was resuspended in 1 ml of KCI suspension (KCI 0. 2 M, Tricine-KOH 66 mm, MgCl2 6. 6 mM).The chloroplast suspension was transferred to a Petri dish (3 cm in diameter) and incubated with [135S]methionine (10 ,uCi) at room temperature under white light (4000 lux). During a 2 h incubation, the incorporation of [35S]methionine into proteins was measured. After the 2 h incubation the radioactive polypeptides were separated on an SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gel (815%), followed by fluorography as described by Blair and Ellis (4). 02 Evolution Assay. The ability of chloroplasts from potato tuber discs to evolve 02 was measured in the Hill reaction ccording to the procedure of Marsho et al. (12). The incubation system consisted of ferricyanide 1. 7 mm, methylamine 3 mm, glyceraldehyde 10 mm, and chloroplasts corresponding to 15 yg of Chl in a total volume of 0. 6 ml. The reaction was initiated by irradiation with red light (22. 4 mw/cm2). The 02 evolution was measured and recorded with a polarograph. RESULTS MATERIAILS AND METHODS Chlorophyll Synthesis in Light-Illuminated Potato Tuber. Our Preparation, Culture, and Light Treatment of Potato Tuber experiments showed that the greening of potato tuber depended Discs.Centennial and Katahdin, two varieties of potato tubers on varieties, storage temperature, light intensity, and wavelength supplied by the United States Department of Agriculture were of light. Out of more than ten varieties of potatoes tested, two used in this study. The tubers were peeled and sterilized with varieties, Centennial and Katahdin, which turn green more Amphyl (National Laboratories, Lehn and Fink Industrial Prod- quickly under light, were selected in this study. Storage of potato ucts Division of St erling Drug Inc. , New Jersey).Discs (10 x 2 tuber below 4 °C retarded or inhibited the transformation of mm) were made with a sterile cork borer and a gel slicer. These amyloplasts into chloroplasts. Blue light was most effective in discs, after washing in sterile water, were placed on 1% agar inducing greening of potato tubers. No red light stimulation was observed. Potato tuber discs illuminated with white light began to green ‘ Supported by National Institutes of Health grant CM22746-01 and with a lag period of about 1 d. The greening continued for 3 United States Department of Agriculture agreement 58-32044157. 2Abbreviations: RuBPCase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase; weeks after culture (Fig. 1). After illumination for 3 weeks, the potato tuber tissue contained 10 Ag Chl/g of fresh tissue, about LS, large subunit. 142 TRANSFORMATION OF AMYLOPLASTS IN POTATO TUBERS 143 14 oct[L] 15 – a) 121 10 101 5 C-) 8 x 0 > ct [D] Days After Illumination FIG. 1. Time c ourse of the synthesis of chlorophyll in potato tuber discs during continuous illumination with white light. lAt [D] By 0 15 I †¦.. AAt [L] i _x- 60 120 90 Time (min) FIG. 3. Incorporation of [35S]methionine into proteins in the lightdriven chloroplast protein synthesis system. -M1 samples were added to 20% TCA containing 10 tg/ml unlabeled methionine. Proteins were precipitated with 5% TCA containing 10 Mg/ml unlabeled methionine, and counted with a Mark I scintillation counter. Ct, chloroplasts; At, amyloplasts (control); L, light-incubated; D, dark-incubated. FIG. 2. Biosynthesis of RuBPCase in potato tuber tissue as assayed by Ouchterlony double diffusion 0 h (1), 6 h (2), 12 h (3), 24 h (4), 48 h (5), and 72 h (6) after illumination. The central well contained antibody to LS. One g of potato tuber discs was homogenized with 0. 1 ml of Tris 80 mm, MgCl2 20 mm, KCI 40 mM, pH 8. . After centrifugation at 12,000g for 10 min, 20 Ml of the supernatant were used for assay of RuBP Case. hundredth of the Chl content in normal leaves. This is primarily due to fewer chloroplasts per cell. The chloroplasts were not distributed uniformly in discs and were probably linked to some specific ultrastructure in the cortex. Microscopic observation revealed that the amyloplasts were comprised of two types: large (55 x 80 Mm) and small (5-20 Mum). Most of them were stainable with I2-KI. Upon exposure of the discs to light the small amyloplasts only turned greenish.RuBPCase Biosynthesis in Potato Tuber during Greening. Since RuBPCase is the most abundant soluble protein in the chloroplasts (10), it can be used as an important biochemical marker of chloroplasts. The de novo synthesis of RuBPCase was clearly demonstrated by ultracentrifugal sedimentation (data not shown) and specific immunoprecipitation (Fig. 2). The Schlieren pattern of extracts from normal leaves consists of four peaks representing 80S cytoplasmic ribosomes, 70S chloroplast ribosomes, 18S Fraction I protein (RuBPCase), and 4 to 6S Fraction II proteins (8, 9).The extract from potato tuber stored in the dark lacked the peak of RuBPCase, whereas a small peak was observed in discs exposed to 3 d of light, indicating the light one initiated the synthesis of RuBPCase (data not shown). The biosynthesis of RuBPCase was also demonstrated by an Ouchterlony double diffusion assay (Fig. 2). The light-mediated synthesis of RuBPCase started at 1 d after illumination and increased during greening. The RuBPCase content was estimated to be -6 ,ug/g fresh potato tuber tissue, whereas the RuBPCase content of a typical green leaf is 5 to 10 mg/g fresh tissue (10).Further evidence for the de novo synthesis of RuBPCase in light-treated potato tuber was obtained from the experiment on light-driven protein synthesis in chloroplasts. The chloroplasts, isolated from potato tuber discs after illumination for 7 d, exhibited a higher activity of protein synthesis, as demonstrated by the incorporation of [35S]meth ionine into proteins (Fig. 3). In contrast to light-driven protein synthesis in chloroplasts, the chloroplasts in the dark and especially amyloplasts, either in the light or dark, exhibited a very low protein synthesis activity.A number of radioactive polypeptides synthesized in the chloroplasts in the light were recognized on SDS-polyacrylamide gels followed by fluorography (Fig. 4). It was observed that some chloroplast polypeptides (mol wt 39,000, 50,000, 52,000, 55,000, 94,000, 96,000) were synthesized more readily in the light than in the dark. One of these polypeptides co-migrated with purified unlabeled LS of RuBPCase (mol wt 52,000), and was identified as the LS, based on this and results presented in Figure 2.There is also one strongly light-initiated polypeptide (mol wt 64,000) which does not appear in the dark. 02 Evolution of Chloroplasts from Light-Induced Potato Tubers. Upon illumination with red light, the chloroplasts, isolated from light-treated potato tuber discs a fter 3 weeks of light treat- 144 Plant Physiol. Vol. 75, 1984 ZHU ET AL. sure to light, the amyloplasts are transformed into chloroplasts, which have a different function. The changes in ultrastructure of potato tuber amyloplasts during greening were investigated by electron microscope.It was shown that the main developmental features were elongation of vesicles into thylakoids, the differentiation of grana and the appearance of ribosomes in the stroma (3), although the ultrastructure is generally less well developed compared to that for normal leaves. On the other hand, there is very little information on biochemical alterations in potato tuber during greening. To confirm the transformation of amyloplasts into chloroplasts, this study provides some biochemical evidence: (a) the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, (b) the synthesis of RuBPCase and other proteins, and (c) Hill reaction activity.Before illumination the potato tubers contain no Chl or Pchl, but do contain carotenoid which increases during greening (1). Very low light intensity (400 lux) was required to initiate greening. The light may penetrate into the potato tuber discs and evoke the development of chloroplasts from amyloplasts. During the development of chloroplasts from amyloplasts, assembly of Chl into the newly synthesized membranes occurs. Cold storage may cause the breakage of membranes (13); however, some studies suggested that amyloplast membranes remain intact in cold storage (14).It was frequently observed that the chloroplasts were formed as streaks in the potato tuber discs, suggesting a special structure is linked to the chloroplast development. The Schlieren pattern of the extracts from light-induced potato tuber tissue as well as its immunoprecipitation reaction with antiserum to RuBPCase demonstrated that RuBPCase, an important enzyme in the photosynthetic carbon cycle, was de novo synthesized during greening. This result was further confirmed by the active light-dependent pro tein synthesis in the isolated chloroplasts.The biosynthesis of RuBPCase during greening suggests the involvement and operation of CO2 assimilation in the chloroplasts. Furthermore, the photosynthetic function of electron transport and 02 evolution in isolated chloroplasts from potato tuber was shown by the high Hill reaction activity. The transformation of amyloplasts into chloroplasts is absolutely light-dependent. The fact that red light did not stimulate this transformation indicates that phytochrome may not participate in this regulation. This coincides with the result that potato tuber does not have phytochrome (7).What is the photoreceptor in this light-induced organelle transformation? How does light turn on the genes for the development of chloroplasts, and turn off the genes for the development of amyloplasts? Undoubtedly, this system provides an attractive and challenging model for investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying the photoregulation of development and gene expression. FIG. 4. SDS-PAGE of light- (1) and dark- (d) initiated polypeptides synthesized in chloroplasts isolated from light-treated potato tuber discs. (R) photograph of stained gel. L) fluorograph of (R). Arrows indicate the mol wt of light-stimulated polypeptides and band corresponding to LS. Although the dark-incubated sample was more concentrated than the light-incubated sample (R), the fluorograph (L) indicates there was more incorporation of [35S]methionine into the light-induced polypeptides than into the dark-initiated polypeptides, demonstrating that more polypeptides were synthesized in the light than in the dark. The samples were incubated with [35S]methionine for 120 min. ment, evolved 02 using ferricyanide as an electron acceptor.This Hill reaction activity is comparably high (177 Amol 02/mg Chl h), indicating that an active electron transport reaction took place in this chloroplast preparation. DISCUSSION The cells of potato tuber contain a large number of amyloplasts, whose function is to accumulate and store starch in the form of reserve starch granules. It is of interest that upon expo- Acknowledgments-We thank Dr. Ray Webb of United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland for providing us with different varieties of potato, and F. J. Xi for her help in determination of Hill activity. LITERATURE CITEDDevelopment of chloroplasts from amyloplasts in potato tuber discs. New Phytol 72: 449-463 2. ARNON DI 1949 Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase 1. ANSTIS PJP, DH NORTHCOTE 1973 in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiol 24: 1-15 3. BADENHUIZEN NP, R SALEMA 1976 Observations of the development of chloroamyloplasts. Rev Biol (Lisb) 6: 139-155 4. BLAIR GE, RJ ELLIS 1973 Protein synthesis in chloroplasts 1. Light-driven synthesis of the large subunit of fraction I protein by isolated pea chloroplasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 319: 223-234 5. FORSYTH AA 1954 British Poisonous Plants.Her Majesty's Stationery office, L ondon 6. KIRK JTO, RAE TILNEY-BASSErr 1978 The plastids. Growth and Differentiation of Plastids. Part I. Formation of the Chloroplast during Greening of the Enolated Plant. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp 720-773 7. KOUKKARI WL, WS HILLMAN 1966 Phytochrome levels assayed by in vivo spectrophotometry in modified underground stems and storage roots. Physiol Plant 19: 1073-1078 TRANSFORMATION OF AMYLOPLASTS IN POTATO TUBERS 8. KUNG SD 1977 Expression of chloroplast genomes in higher plants.Annu Rev Plant Physiol 28: 401-437 9. KUNG SD, PR RHODES 1981 Hormonal effects on the biosynthesis of tobacco RuBPCase in vitro. Beitr Tabakforsch Int I 1: 44-49 10. KUNG SD, TC Tso 1978 Tobacco as a potential food source and smoke material: soluble protein content, extraction, and amino acid composition. J Food Sci 43: 1844-1852 11. LoBov UP, PI BONDAR 1977 The RNA of potato tuber amyloplasts. Fiziol Rast 24: 318-322 12. MARSHO TV, PM SOKOLOVE, RB MACKAY 1980 Regulation of photosynthetic 145 electron transport in intact spinach chloloroplasts. Plant Physiol 65: 703-706 13.OHAD I, I FREIDBERG, Z NEEMAN, M S(CHRAMM 1971 Biogenesis and degradation of starch 1. The fate of the amyl,loplast membrane during maturation and storage of potato tubers. Plant Phyysiol 47: 465-477 14. WETZSTEIN HY, C STERLING 1978 Integri' ity of amyloplast membranes in stored potato tubers. Z Pflanzenphysiol Bd 90DS: 373-378 15. ZHU YS, PS LovErr, DM WILLIAMS, SID KUNG 1983 Nicotiana chloroplast genome 7 expression in E. coli and BB. subtilis of tobacco and Chlamydomonas chloroplast DNA sequences cooding for the large subunit of RuBP carboxylase. Theor Appl Genet 67: 3333-336

The Reluctant Workers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Reluctant Workers - Essay Example Leadership skills were just as important as the project manager would have to present himself as the role model for his employees and always be in high spirits to uphold the confidence of his team and motivate it sufficiently towards the project’s goal (Kerzner, 2009). Finally, organization skills were equally important in this case as the project manager would be required to possess a deep understanding of the organization and its culture, its structure as well as the way of working (Kerzner, 2009). This would enable the project manager to understand the psychology of his teammates and tackle them accordingly. Unlike other skills, organization skills are particularly useful during formation and startup of a project. The program manager is often required to integrate workers from various departments for the development of cross-functional teams when organizing work teams. These teams need to be provided with sound leadership that ensures team cohesion and provides a sense of u nified direction. Since the team includes people from various departments, conflict of interest is highly likely. ... II. Tim Aston’s skills and effectiveness As mentioned in the first part, the first skill at play was that of team building; Tim was unable to have people voice their concerns to him and was unable to ensure open communication on the part of his team members which is the building block of team building skills. He lacked the ability to motivate his employees; hence, he lacked strong interpersonal skills. Furthermore, he was unable to develop a relationship with his subordinates that resulted in greater friction between him and the 40-year old employees. He wasn’t effective in getting people shun their departmental interests for the greater good of the project. The second skill was that of leadership; Tim continually faced the problem of getting his team united to work towards one direction- that of executing the project. He was unable to unify his team mates towards a single goal- that of project management. Various leadership traits have been identified by theorists incl uding charisma, assertiveness, task competence, decisiveness (Northouse, 2009). His workers wouldn’t stay back beyond 4:30 for fear of missing the car pool. This represented Tim’s failure to pursue individuals to sacrifice their personal welfare for organizational goals. Tim lacked the personality traits of charisma and assertiveness to motivate and convince the employees to work rather than leave the office. Finally, Tim lacked adequate organizational skills; he was unable to organize the people towards project management. It seemed that each individual was adamant at pursuing his/her individual goals, thus, Tim lacked the skill to organize people in a team. He also lacked a thorough

Healthcare Communication Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Foundations of terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Foundations of terrorism - Research Paper Example Hence, finding a certain ungrounded reason, more so driven by extremism to exterminate the innocent. Al-Qaeda is a Saudi opposition movement that emerged in the 1990s. Its main aim was to Islamize the Saudi society. This was a response to what they perceived as a cultural attack by the West on the Muslim religion. The group’s source of influence came from Abdallah Azzam teachings. In the 1980s, Abdallah ‘Azzam led the Afghan mujahideen. In 1979, the USSR invaded Afghanistan. To those who were cautioning against a Western cultural attack, this was an affirmation of their assumptions. This struggle gave young religious Saudis an opportunity to defend their religion and culture, which they deemed the West, more so the US would lead to its extinction. Hundreds of young men travelled to Afghanistan to join the mujahideen, the Muslim guerilla fighters. Instead of joining the fight to remove the US forces, they engaged Soviets who had penetrated Afghanistan. Numerous Saudis turned out to be Abdallah Azzam adherents together with Bin Laden (Javaid & Noureen, 2013). Azzam had studied the Islamic law to the extent of attaining a doctorate level whereby he embarked on teaching the same in Jordan. He had already joined the Muslim Brotherhood. After he was fired, he decided to help other members of the brotherhood movement in planning for the Soviet Jihad both in Pakistan and Afghanistan. This is where Bin Laden became a close ally and assisted him with the logistics and financing. According to Azzam, it was mandatory for every Muslim (fard al-ayn) to defend the Islamic lands against the infidel penetration. Several leaders coming from the Muslim community endorsed Azzams ideas. His other colleagues in Saudi Arabia were against the Western penetration and preached about it, but Azzam went as far as transforming his ideas into successful armed struggles.

Human Resource Management And Why It Is Critical In Employment Law Essay

Human Resource Management And Why It Is Critical In Employment Law - Essay Example As such, the statute provides that an employee is entitled to a notice period, prior to dismissal. Such notice period is established on the basis of the length of service of the employee (National Employment Rights Authority, 2012). Application An employee has been defined at section 230(1) of the Employment Rights Act 1996, as an individual who works under a contract of employment. The Employment Act 2002 (Dispute Resolution) Regulations 2004 require employers to implement procedures for grievance and disciplinary actions. These statutory procedures have to be commenced in the first instance. This is essential for submitting employment issues before the employment tribunal. A dismissal will be deemed to be unfair, if the employer fails to adopt these procedures (Pothecary Witham Weld, 2012). Furthermore, the employer would be held liable by the court. Employees should have completed a one year of continuous service with the same company to avail the protection of dismissal rights. T his applies only to those employees who were appointed before 6 April 2012. The corresponding period is two years for employees appointed after this date. In our problem, Janice had worked for two years with the same company. Hence, she should have been provided with a dismissal notice, which was not done by the company. Consequently, the dismissal procedures conducted by the company cannot be deemed as fair. Furthermore, in instances, wherein the employer dismisses an employee via procedures that are unfair, the dismissal will be deemed to be unfair, regardless of the issues involved (emplaw, 2012). Although, Kelsey had not completed a year’s period of employment with the company, she can file a claim of wrongful dismissal against the company for not following fair procedures in her dismissal. In general, the circumstances of a particular case, will determine the action that is justified or reasonable, whenever there is a need for formal action. As such, the employment tribu nals will take into account, the size and resources of an employer, at the time of deciding on cases (Code of Practice 1 ACAS Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures, 2009). Under no circumstances, disciplinary or grievance issues should be dealt with in an unfair manner. Moreover, the ACAS has strongly recommended a thorough investigation of allegations by employers. Prior to a disciplinary hearing, particulars of the allegations have to be provided to the employee. In addition, the employee should be provided with an opportunity to explain what had transpired, and to draw attention to any extenuating circumstances (Birkinshaw & Fairclough, 2001). In our problem, Janice and Kelsey were suspected of having stolen a harddisk drive, since it was located in their jointly held locker. They were immediately suspended by the Warehouse Manager, and after two days a disciplinary meeting was conducted and they were dismissed. It is incumbent upon an employer to adhere to a fair process, while addressing a disciplinary or grievance issue. This holds good, even if the employee in question admits to the offense, as also to instances of gross misconduct. In general,

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Advantages and Disadvantages of a Monopoly - Term Paper Example The characteristics of a monopoly include the presence of one seller and many buyers in the market, resulting in the seller having total market power on quantity and price. In a monopoly market structure, there are no close substitutes for the good or service supplied by the monopoly resulting in consumers having to purchase at the set price by the monopoly, and lack of perfect information for the consumers (Tragakes, 2011). The other characteristic of a monopoly is presence of high entry barriers caused by factors including high capital requirement, natural causes, and ownership of production resources by the firm. Microsoft ownership of the windows operating system brand is an example when monopoly results from the ownership of a scarce resource in the economy. The other reasons for the high entry barriers in a monopoly include Government Issue of one license and ownership of patent rights for production. The other characteristics in a monopoly market face inelastic price elasticit y of demand owing to lack of substitutes and consumers have to purchase at prices set by the monopoly allowing for abnormal profits (Tragakes, 2011). Monopoly, therefore, produces low quantity and sells at a high price. Examples of monopoly include Feet-First Pharmaceutical and power supply firm in a country where there is only one operating license provided by the government. Royal Mail Group was until 2006, a monopoly for the presence of only one operating license but was opened for competition to ensure efficiency in service delivery (Samuelson & Stephen, 2012). Monopolies have certain advantages in the economy owing to the characteristics of the market they operate. The advantages include stability of the monopoly in terms of changes in economic terms such as a recession. A monopoly consists of one large firm that supplies a product to the entire market owing to high resource

The Porters Five Force Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Porters Five Force Analysis - Research Paper Example Product innovation and wider range of products is another platform for competition. Companies need to expand their reach to cater to more and more customers, both geographically and demographically. Competition will intensify in relation to environmental measures and energy use, as customers' attitudes to the environment become gradually more important. In this scenario, basic technological trends will lead to a variety of technical vehicle-related innovations. With the shift in focus to customer retention and loyalty, companies now have to invest in better customer service to ensure customer satisfaction. Better service also includes better geographical advantage to serve where the customers are located. There is little bargaining power for buyers in the luxury car segment as there are numerous buyers scattered all around the globe. There is better transparency and huge amounts of information available to buyers regarding the pricing and cost of manufacture of cars and hence they have some leverage in negotiating the purchasing price. This advantage is mostly over-ridden by the fact that buyers for this segment are mostly individuals and are not grouped together for a collective advantage. Since luxury cars are sold typically by the company or direct dealers, there are few players in the distribution channel at present. Luxury cars have lower or no resale value as compared to economy cars. This is an enormous factor that influences buying decisions in the case of luxury cars. Bargaining power of suppliers The suppliers to large premium segment manufacturers would typically be large and medium manufacturers themselves. Since quality is the biggest product differentiator in this segment, it is imperative that companies choose their suppliers with care and efficiency. In such a case, it would be difficult to replace or change suppliers with ease. As a result they have some flex in determining product pricing, delivery and distribution. Threat of new entrants The threat of new entrants in this segment is very low due to the many entry barriers that exist in this industry. There are too many well established companies with stiff competition among them. A huge amount of capital is required to enter into this sector. There should also be tremendous amount of tacit and explicit knowledge of products and constant innovativeness to compete in this industry. The luxury car segment is driven by quality and goodwill as well and this comes with time and experience in the sector. With all the above barriers, few companies would look into entering this industry . However, there is the threat of companies already existing in the auto industry, entering into the luxury car segment. Many companies, which originally were small and economy car makers, have now entered into the luxury car segment and are giving the bigger and better established giants in this segment a run for their money. Threat of substitute products The most prominent substitute to cars is public transports such as buses, taxis and aircrafts. The bigger companies in the premium car segment have taken steps to compete with public transportation by manufacturing luxury buses and providing pick-up service in their premium cars as part of the hospitality sector. The other

Hunting should be allowed Essay Example for Free

Hunting should be allowed Essay Hunting is beneficial to our society and therefore should be allowed. Historically human beings have been pursuing wild animals to provide their families with food, clothing, and shelter. In modern times the need for hunting for survival has lessened because of the development of animal husbandry and agriculture. There were times in history worldwide when hunting became profitable and hunters began killing animals for their fur, skins, and meat. Then it became necessary to put regulations in to effect to preserve wildlife as well as to somewhat appease the critics who felt hunting should be illegal. Three main reasons why hunting should be allowed is to regulate the amount of wild animals, so that areas do not become over populated by them. Another reason is that hunting is a major money making industry. The third main reason is that hunting for sport of food is an exciting and educational experience for hunters of all ages. In John Clare’s poem â€Å"The Badger† we see hunting at its worst and a major turnoff due to the unethical and cruel nature of the townspeople engaged in the hunt. Poems like these motivate people to be anti-hunting but if we look closely at the benefits of hunting it overrides such negativity and we can plainly see the benefits. Hunting if done responsibly should be allowed. It is a great privilege to have and is regulated by the government. Some of the steps put in place is the requirement to pass a hunter education course before hunting, this protects people. There are also laws that set hunting season dates to protect wildlife. Most states grant their wildlife agencies the authority to manage wildlife population using regulations. Regulations are generally easier to change and better suit the dynamic nature of wildlife management. For example, if a drought caused many a deer to die, the wildlife agency would be able to change its regulations by reducing the number of permits and protecting the deer population. If the situation was reversed a sudden increase in the deer population was observed then the wildlife agency can change its regulations, increasing the number of permits and providing more opportunity for hunting. Many benefits come from hunting not only to the hunter, but also to society. Without the hunter, many breeds of animals would become overpopulated and die off from lack of food due to excess in their numbers and lower percentage of food per herd. Not only would there be too many animals, but it would greatly increase the chance of disease and inner-herd killings. Nature decrees the survival of the fittest, those that are weak and old will be the first attacked, even by their own kind. Hunting also brings benefit to humans through the control of the wildlife and the predatory animals that would invade neighborhoods when overpopulation occurs. These dangerous animals are wolves, bears, mountain lions, coyotes, and bobcats. Hunting wildlife keeps disease among wildlife at a lower rate and ensures better survival. Hunters also donate millions of dollars each year from hunting license and stamp fees that buy thousands of acres of open land, natural habitat, and wetlands that forever preserve them for wildlife use each year. Individuals who are against hunting do not spend any money on this. Hunting is a major money maker for the government as well as private establishments. The average hunter spends quite a reasonable amount of money on his hunting trips. These hunting trips approximately last for about seven to twelve days on average. The taxes on the hunting licenses increase every year adding to the expense and putting money in to government coffers. Hunters also buy equipment. This helps private businesses and retailers. Hunting offers benefits to the hunter in the form of a sport, not only for food but it is a relaxing, exciting and an educational experience for hunters of all ages. There are the benefits of education, by studying the animals the hunter will learn how they relate amongst themselves, their patterns for breeding, migration, and their tendencies of behavior. The hunter will not only benefit by this knowledge within his hunt but also will know what animals to pursue when hunting. Ill or deformed animals often give the hunter a sense of empathy when hunting. These animals may not live very long and possibly spread its disease to the other animals. Sport hunting should not be banned when examining information from this angle as it affects us all in general. Hunting also provides excitement and a close connection with nature. While hunting, the hunter often connects with nature while sitting in silence. He has the opportunity to observe his surrounding and become familiar with his hunting ground. Knowing the plant life and growth rate of the area crops is very important part to being a good hunter. This knowledge comes through conservation of the land being managed for hunting. Through this land management, the plant and animal life become more abundant. Hunting should be allowed and protesters should make the effort to become more knowledge about the benefits of hunting. There are many environmental benefits to society and to wildlife. The health of the animals is important to hunters as they reproduce and replenish there will be ongoing game for hunting. Hunting is a privilege and privileges require responsibility. Citizens must meet certain standards. The greatest threat to hunting in North America is not anti-hunters. It is the negative hunter image created by poor hunter behavior in the field. Our actions when we are not hunting may also give hunters a poor image. For example, bragging about the animals killed or wearing dirty hunting clothes in public gives all hunters a poor image. Support from non-hunters decreases when hunters act unsafe or unethically in the field. An example of this can be seen in John Clare’s poem, â€Å"The Badger† The main subject of this poem is the relationship of the wild animal to the hunters who bait and tame it. The townspeople act unethically to the badger while hunting it. The badger-baiters are a poor example of what hunting should be and their sadistic behavior is one reason why many anti-hunters are so against hunting and do not want it to be allowed. They literally torture a vulnerable creature and he is pitched against cudgel wielding, stone throwing townspeople and ferocious dogs. â€Å"The Badger† is a weaker adversary and when he runs toward the woods and freedom, the townspeople turn him back with clubs. When the badger finally lies beaten and helpless, he is continuously kicked and torn by the savage mob. Moreover, the last stanza about the badger is yet another example of human tyranny over less fortunate creatures, which is most anti-hunter’s perception of what hunting is really like namely the abuse of the powerless by the powerful. The townspeople are capturing and confining the badger for the sport of it, to get their fun at his expense and at the end of it all â€Å"till kicked and torn and beaten out, he lies and leaves his hold and cackles, grows and dies. † (39-40) This poem is not a clear depiction of what hunting is about in today’s regulated society. There has never been a case in modern times where a regulated hunting season has driven any animal to the point of being endangered or tortured and treated cruelly it is only when there is no regulation where this type of issue occurs. Hunting can strengthen game animals by trimming the population and preventing overpopulation that can destroy the environment and cause lack of food. Not only is overpopulation of animals a great inconvenience to humans it can be downright dangerous. Hunting provides much financial aid to our government and to many who hunt it is a relaxing, exciting and an educational experience. With all the negative press from anti-hunters, the benefits cannot be denied and with the significant rules in place to ensure good hunting, if adhered to then most definitely hunting should be allowed. Works Cited Kruuk, H. Hunter and Hunted: Relationships between Carnivores and People Cambridge, UK, New York, NY Cambridge University Press, 2002 Sunstein, Cass R. ; Nussbaum, Martha Craven Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions Oxford, New York Oxford University Press (US), 2004. Clare, John. â€Å"The Badger. † Making Literature Matter; An Anthology for Readers and Writers. 3rd ed. Ed. John Schilb and John Clifford. Boston; Bedford, 2006. 913-915.

General Motors And Its Impact On The Environment Commerce Essay

General Motors And Its Impact On The Environment Commerce Essay Industrialization and technological advancement have resulted in humans having had to bear an opportunity cost in the form of environmental damage for increased production and the firms then face this opportunity cost in the form of reduced profits. Owing to the enforcement of such policies many companies have been made to re-evaluate their production strategies and have thus been negatively affected. In the United States, as is the case in most industrialized nations, the leading cause of pollution is the industrial community. Therefore, because of this, most of the industrial sector is under heavy surveillance by the American government so as to prevent any violators of environmental policies or acts and thus reduce the effects of environmental damage.   Pollutants that emanate from automobile operation have begun to create environmental problems of a considerable extent. According to a report around seventy percent of the carbon monoxide, forty-five percent of the nitrogen oxides, and thirty-four percent of the hydrocarbon pollution come from automobile exhausts in America (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2007). Moreover with regards to this fact both the authors, Breno Nunes and David Bennet (2010) stated in their article that the main environmental impact from car production is down to solid waste generation, emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and high energy and water consumption. Inadequate or irresponsible management of landfill sites and wreckers yards may also contaminate the soil and aquifers as end-of-life cars are dumped or scrapped. Add in the environmental impact of day-to-day car usage and a dark, sooty, gloomy environmental picture looms through the murk. These procedures when left unchecked led to severe environmental damages which can be reflected in the fact when according to Martin V. Melossi (n.d) who stated that these damages were confirmed once again by the killer smog which plagued London and New York, causing over four thousand and two hundred deaths in those cities, respectively. This led Congress to legislate the National Air Pollution Control Act in 1955 so that more theories could be tested on the pollution of the atmosphere. Furthermore, according to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2000), approximately 2.95 million metric tons (6.5 billion pounds) of toxic chemicals from 2,000 industrial facilities have been annually released into the environment, which includes almost 45,360 metric tons (100 million pounds) of chemicals and agents that have been recognized to have been causing cancer. Such is also the case for General Motors, part of the leading automobile industry, where the business corporation has been throughout the years accused and penalized for damaging the environment through activities that directly affect the ecosystem. General Motors and its impact on the Environment Martin V. Velossi (n.d) in view of the damages caused by the automobile industry to the environment stated as to the purpose of the automobile industry pursuing such a damaging path that affected the environment that General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler did not think that they could sell small cars. They believed that there wasnt enough demand for them. So far as they had less expensive fuel for their cars, bigger and stronger automobiles would be manufactured. These bigger cars had a lot more horse-power in them, which facilitated faster travel. Cars with a built-in automatic transmission, which were being offered alongside 91 percent of the cars, resulted in a better and more comfortable ride. What the companies didnt realize was that there would be a few negative externalities that they would have to deal with, in pursuit of their goals. Gasoline shortages and air pollution were the direct result of such actions. This clearly reflects the purpose of the automobile industry in flaunt ing environmental acts and legislatures. According to Mike Westfall (2009), General Motors were accustomed to having been in trouble for their nefarious toxic waste disposal methods. An example is stated where the EPA complained about one of the New York General Motors plant which was deemed to pose a major hazard to human health. It was said that the General Motors plant released enormous amounts of PCB which are cancer-causing in nature. The plant was deemed very hazardous. What this shows is the extent of the damaging inflicted by the company since the 19th century when it began its foundry related operations.   Mike Westfall further demonstrates and supports his facts by interviewing Mike Bennett (2009), who represented General Motors workers, who stated that the General Motors Flint Ternstedt factory had numerous chemical ponds where lethal and poisonous elements were disposed of. A lot of the dwellers of that area were highly affected because they had wells which were polluted, thus their drinking water supply was no longer clean. The people who worked in that factory had become exposed to the deadly toxins, too, and they were infected by cancerous cells that speeded up their deaths by around three times the national average. Furthermore, in the recent case of California v. General Motors Corp. (2007), California filed a suit against six of the worlds leading automakers namely GM, Toyota, Ford, Honda, DaimlerChrysler, and Nissan because of the fact that their vehicles contributed the most to global warming and heavily effected California. The complaint declared that all the aforementioned companies were involved in a national crisis because they discharged more than 289 million metric tons of emissions, which ranked them highly worldwide. The lawsuit sought for monetary damages for the environmental degradation that occurred in California. According to the Public information office whereby the United States announced $773 million settlement with General Motors to resolve environmental liabilities and according to the information released by Ellen Davis, Edeli Rivera and Jessie Erwin (2010), the old General Motors would have to give more than $641.4 million. Other stipulations included giving more bursaries in the form of non-cash assets. These were to be given so that the old plant sites which have been polluted could be properly sanitized against toxicity. Moreover, the old General Motors has already spent nearly $11.5 million in order to tidy up their plants which have been contaminated. This showed that the past activities of General Motors had been damaging to the environment proving to have been detrimental for the company itself as well as the environment. After these lawsuits had been filed against General Motors and bankruptcy had been declared, a new corporation, the new GM, was formed which aimed at being environment friendly.   Strategies Implemented General Motors had to with respect to their past proceedings, adapt to the changing environment and client base so as to earn sufficient profits with regards to having an environment friendly image. This was an essential point to consider as was elaborated by Breno Nunes and David Bennet (2010) stated that defining strategic operations objectives is strongly connected to environmental issues. The operations function of a company encounters environmental protection issues directly because its the main source of harmful emissions, so environmental management programs and policies should be carefully developed to strengthen operations strategy. Moreover with regards to the three leading companies, Toyota, GM and Volkswagen, the authors stated that these companies have addressed the main environmental impact of manufacturing through technology-based solutions. Paint shops were converted to use waterborne paint sprayers, and water-based solvents were also introduced into processes. Energy and water conservation, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, waste management (including recyclable and non-recyclable waste) and recycling are the main initiatives to achieve greener production. On this matter the company itself, General Motors, (General motors, 2002) stated that it had contributed to the clean-up and drop in the amount of emissions. They have also saved up natural resources and got rid of the majority of the effluents. The company has also released seven annual reports which give further details on the matter at hand. This in fact shows the efforts involved on behalf of the corporation to improve the environmental conditions and to make significant reductions in the damages inflicted by the corporation.   According to a newspaper article (Mich Warren, 2008) it was asserted that Gary Cowger, the vice president of General Motors global manufacturing and labor, ascertained that GM could find the right solutions to the problems it faced which limited their production capabilities due to the environmental laws imposed on the automobile industry. He, Gary Cowger (2008) further stated that as novel ideas in the propulsion of automobiles are proposed, General Motors is making enormous strides to diminish the negative impact on worldwide ecosystems. The  newspaper further established the fact that more than 96 percent of the leftover discharge is recycled or salvaged at General Motors plants and 3 percent is transformed into energy. This is what General Motors is striving for and it will help sustain the environment. General Motors are receiving almost $1 billion, annually, from their salvaged material sales. $16  million is further received from its sale of recycled materials (Mich Warren, 2008).   Government and Environmental Group Relations For a company like General Motors to maintain its market share and customers it was necessary and imperative that the relations and ties be strengthened with the government and environmental groups and agencies so as to promote an image where they reflected the fact that the company was not only about earning profits but cared for the people that it directly and indirectly targeted.   In an article Larry Cotrell (2001), GMs environmental engineer commented on the importance of establishing ties with the government and stated that the regulations imposed by the state were far more rigorous and inflexible as compared to the regulations imposed by the federal government. He stated that State governments know better what concerns and benefits its citizens in each municipality. Also the federal government doesnt have to cope with the various industrial/environmental complexities and differences of each of the 50 states.   Dennis A. Rondinelli and Michael A. Berry (2000) with regards to this fact stated that more customer loyalty can be sought by being environmentally friendly. This can also result in an increase in the overall efficiency. Workers would also be willing to stay for longer periods of time. Proactive environmental management allows companies to maintain control over their own environmental activities, provide evidence of planning and interaction to address environmental issues, and influence future regulatory and competitive requirements.   Furthermore the authors in their journal affirmed that General Motors was indeed a company that maintained an association with such environmental agencies. They stated that General Motors entered a partnership with the Nature Conservancy to provide $5 million over five years to help the environmental group preserve land and water ecosystems in North America, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Asia-Pacific Region. In addition to this fact, the authors pointed out the fact that General Motors (1998) created a GM Suppliers Environmental Advisory Team in 1997 to improve mutual understanding of environmental programs and efficiency and evaluate new ideas to promote eco-efficiency throughout its supply chain. which goes to reveal the extent to which environmental friendly initiatives were taken by the company.   The New General Motors: Environment friendly vehicles According to Chris Foster and Ken Green (200), The rest: in these cases, green issues receive only limited attention, most commonly in the form of a compliance check. Little innovative effort will be directed specifically to improving green performance in these cases. However, if the environmental impact of the product or service is linked to its effectiveness in providing its main function, green performance may be improved indirectly: such achievements may or may not be promoted as part of the product-marketing effort. If they are, green issues may receive additional attention, as in situation. Therefore when considering the case of General Motors, such innovative efforts as the introduction of EV1 as well as the research in hybrid and fuel cell vehicles (HVs and FCVs) will help in improving the automobile industry by reducing the environmental damages. Concerning the development of HVs and FCVs, Vanessa Oltra (2007) stated that As a consequence since 2000, there is a significant increase in research and development activities of car manufacturers in the field of fuel cells. Even if a majority of stakeholders present FCVs as the future new technological paradigm for transportation, there remain a lot of uncertainties concerning the production and the storage of hydrogen, the indirect emissions and the costs of the necessary infrastructures. That is the reason why more recently, HVs have progressively developed and plays now a dominant role in the innovative strategy of car manufacturers. Moreover, concerning this issue, Robert F. Service stated that it would be far from rea soning to give up on the technology available at hand. There are just two types of vehicles which can get the job done, only one of which are available for sale in the markets in the near future. As of recent date General Motors (General Motors, 2010) was bestowed the honorary Energy and Environmental Excellence award  in view of the efforts that it contributed towards sustaining the environmental conditions of the ecosystems. This award helped reduce the effects of the past stigmas associated with the dealings of GM whereby they had been on several occasions been accused and heavily penalized for the number of damages they had inadvertently caused to the environment from the introduction of such vehicles and automobiles that led to such adverse acts.   The company recently introduced a vehicle known as the EV1 which was an electric vehicle, so as to combat the limitations that environmental laws imposed by the government on the automobile industry. This form of a vehicle was powered only by using batteries. This change was not only an initiative to introduce this vehicle but a radical significant change was also brought about in the workings of the company. Brian C. Johnson (1999) stated with respect to the introduction of this vehicle that In the case of General Motors, a change in environmental mindset helped lead to the development of a revolutionary new vehicle, the EVl, while the same vehicle also continues to be the force behind further change at the company, and even in the industry as a whole. He further evaluated the benfits of this type of a change whereby he stated that Clearly, the EVl has environmental benefits, both in terms of improved air quality in the long term and environmental compatibility. Since the EVl does not rely on petroleum for its propulsion, the power train is significantly more environmentally friendly than internal combustion vehicles. Moreover the author suggested that this initiative was in no regards a product that was launched keeping in mind the environmental benefits it could reap. He stated that in the early stages of developing the EVl/Impact, very little thought was given to using the EVl as a tool to improve GMs environmental image. It was only later that executives realized that the EVl could have the double benefit of simultaneously improving the companys technological and environmental images, both of which were in dire need of attention. In addition to this fact the author goes on to imply that The only way that GM was going to improve its environmental image was to do something tangible. The EVl is about as tangible as one can get. If GM is able to use the EVl to make its first leap toward the environmental compatibility of its products, it could find itself in a better position than any domestic automaker-to be seen as the environmental car company. Furthermore, Dr. Thomas Turrentine, et al. (2006) found that the advantages pertaining to hybrid cars were numerous and not only because they were environment friendly. They have the potential to outperform other currently existing vehicles in the matters of fuel efficiency. They stated that Oil is a finite resource, and many have predicted that we are reaching what is called peak oil, the point at which the rate of extraction of oil from all developable oil resources and reserves begins to slow. This reflects the fact that due to greater dependency on oil, the reserves will quickly diminish, hence establishing the need for such hybrid vehicles. With regards to the company the authors stated that General Motors Silverado truck is a light hybrid. It replaces the normal flywheel of a gasoline engine with an integrated starter generator that shuts the engine off whenever the vehicle is not moving, improving fuel economy by a few percent. This depicts the sustainable methods being adopted by the company. Moreover they also stated that In theory, HEV technologies can make all vehicles use less fuel than a normal combustion design, whether they burn gasoline, diesel, bio-fuels, natural gas, or hydrogen. Hybrid vehicle designs improve the environmental performance of all of these vehicles and stretch their potential to meet demand in the future. However, no HEVs are sold yet using one of these other fuels. In addition to this the author also stated that, HEVs provide a broad set of benefits to consumers including better fuel economy, quiet operation, low to zero emissions in sensitive locations such as schools and enclosed parking areas, better fuel economy instrumentation, longer lasting and better braking designs. Therefore when considering the case of General Motors it can be recommended that the company in tis proactive environment friendly research should research upon innovative methods and employ them in order to effectively improve its image as well its sales of greener products such EV1 and hybrid cars. As Chris Foster and Ken Green (2000) effectively stated that, Involving sales and marketing, two functions crucial to communication between a business and its environment, would seem to be essential to success in this process. In addition, if exchange of information about green issues between the different actors that make up the green innovation framework could be established as the norm, it would be easier to balance changes that bring greener performance with the other factors that must influence the direction and outcomes of RD projects.

The Stranger, Albert Camus | Themes of Existentialism

The Stranger, Albert Camus | Themes of Existentialism Existentialism is often defined as a philosophical movement or tendency, emphasizing individual existence, freedom and choice. As a result of the diversity of positions associated with this term it is impossible to define precisely. As is evident through the root of the word, exist, there is a stress on definite individual existence and freedom of choice. Certain aspects of existentialism are witnessed in The Stranger. Existentialists attempt to direct our attention to ourselves as individuals. They force us to think about our relation to such topics as the existence and nature of God, what it is to be Christian, the nature of values, and the fact of ones own death. Man is the only known being, according to the philosophers, that defines itself merely through the act of living. In other words, first you exist, and then the individual emerges as life decisions are made. Many existentialists believe the greatest victory of the individual is to realize the absurdity of life and to accept it. Existentialism is liberating for those of us who do not rely on fate, God, or chance to guide us through the path of life. One aspect that is questionable is our ability to continuously reinvent ourselves through our actions. While this is possible, the majorities of people stick to old ways of doing things, or follow others blindly. Despite encompassing a staggering range of philosophical, religious, and political ideologies, the underlying concepts of existentialism are simple. Mankind has free will. Life is a series of choices. Few decisions are without any negative consequences. Some things are irrational or absurd, without explanation. If one makes a decision, he or she must follow through. The decisions you make are whom you are, so decide accordingly. In The Stranger Meursault embodies all of the six existential themes. The first existential theme is freedo m. Freedom means that whatever happened prior to now do not influence what your next choice in life will be, we are free to make any choice we want. Meursault displays Freedom by just doing as he wishes to do. In part one of the novel Maman dies so he attends the funeral, nothing out of the ordinary. While attending his mothers funeral, Meursault decides to smoke cigarettes, drink a cup of coffee, and he fails to show emotion. This just shows how Meursault is displaying his free will; he does not let the influence of his mother dying effect what he wants to do. The second and the third themes Meursault displays together. These themes are existence which is the awareness of our choices, and passion which are psychological feelings that we understand before thinking kicks in. Meursault displays both of these themes at the end of the novel. Meursault wants his life to be here and now, he is not concerned with the hereafter. Meursault wants the remembrance of his life. Through this thinking Meursault displays Existence and Passion. The fourth theme is contingency. It basically says that life is unpredictable, prone to chance happenin gs, also to the unexpected. Meursault displays this theme at the very end of part one of the novel. Meursault is so content with walking back down to the spring unaware that he is going to end up destroying his happiness by shooting the Arab. This is a very unpredictable event because Meursault is just so happy and content with the sun shining on him, then all of a sudden something unexpected happens and his happiness is gone. I knew that I had shattered the harmony of the day, the exceptional silence of a beach where Id been happy. The fifth theme is individuality. An individual is a single unique member of a collectivity. Meursault lives out his individuality. The strongest display of individuality is at the very end of the novel when Meursault wants a large crowd of people to witness his death, and he also wants them to greet him with cries, but those of hate. I had only wished that there be a large crowd of spectators the day of my execution and that they greet me with cries of hate. By being hated Meursault retains his individuality. If Meursault goes out there begging for forgiveness he would just become a member of a collectivity. The final theme is reflection. It refers to the capacity to bring that which we are unaware of into awareness. Meursault leads a pre-reflective life. He goes through his daily events and is so absorbed in each moment that he never reflects on them. Meursault does this until he looks at a reflection of himself for the first time in prison. Meursault looking at himself shows his transition from pre-reflective to reflective. He begins to become aware of what he was unaware of. The main theme in The Stranger is that life is absurd. Reason is incapable of explaining human nature. Meursaults absurd beliefs are that life is meaningless and without purpose. The meaninglessness implies absence of any obvious meaning to our life. This cannot be explained, because no one can explain someone elses sense of meaning or meaninglessness towards life . Camus The Stranger presents the character of Meursault who, after killing an Arab, is sentenced to death. This conflict portrays the stark contrast between the morals of society and Meursaults evident lack of them; he is condemned to death, less for the Arabs murder, than for refusing to conform to societys standards. The discussion of Meursaults responsibility takes place at the end of the novel. Meursaults execution symbolically brings forth emotion, as Meursault confronts his nothingness and the impossibility of justifying the immoral choices he has made, he realizes the pure contingency of his life, and that he has voided, in essence, his own existence by failing to accept the risk and responsibility that the personal freedom of an existentialist reality entails. Meursault never really takes responsibility for his actions, all Meursault does is wish that his life could go back to the way it used to be. Meursault is an anomaly in society; he cannot relate directly to others bec ause he does not live as they do. He cannot abide by the same moral confines as the rest of the world because he does not grasp them; he is largely indifferent to events occurring around him. Meursaults entire being is unemotional. He derives a certain level of pleasure from eating and drinking, smoking cigarettes, sitting on his balcony. Yet all these things are tactile; Meursault derives physical satisfaction from them, but there is no emotion attached. This is in direct contrast to society, whose strict guidelines focusing on right and wrong depend on an individuals sense of these concepts. Meursault is perfectly capable of analyzing the situation, but not of responding to it as society wishes him to. Life or death, and anything in between, makes no difference to him. Meursault sees the outcome as inevitable. He cannot perceive any right or wrong in killing the Arab. The action in itself was not out of deep hatred for the man but, as he reveals at the trial, because of the sun. The sun at the beach, similar to the sun at his mothers funeral, was beating down on him. The sun represents Meursault emotions, which he cannot deal with. Likewise, he cannot deal with the intense heat, the light reflected off the Arabs knife which seems to stab at him. Meursaults senses are being overwhelmed, and the only way to handle the situation is to end it so he fires the gun. The death of the Arab in itself is not crucial to Meursaults fate. Meursaults true undoing comes from his lack of emotion. At the beginning of the novel, Meursault sits at his mothers funeral, quietly analyzing det ails of the scene. The onlookers present do not understand him; in fact, they are afraid of him. The prosecutor says, I look into a mans face and all I see is a monster. What Meursault has realized, by the end of the book, is that any meaning he finds in life he must create. Meursault is the absurdist, explaining the philosophy of existentialism: Mans isolation among an indifferent universe. There is no inherent meaning in life its entire value lies in living itself. Meursault feels he has been happy, and longs to live. When he must die, he wants a crowd to greet him with cries of hate; they are screaming because they want life and the world to have meaning; they need this because that is what their entire existence is built upon. As the magistrate asked of Meursault, Do you want my life to be meaningless? Meursault understands how estranged the individual truly is from society. Until the conclusion, he was a stranger to himself as well as to the rest of the world. In the end, he o pens himself to the gentle indifference of the world, and finding it so much like myself, he feels he has been happy, and is again. Society finds this unacceptable, and by refusing to conform to its face-value standards, Meursault must die. Albert Camus believed that to be a true existentialist you had to remove yourself from society as much as possible since a belief in the foundation of government was to conform. Conforming to society norms is considered bad, it doesnt allow the individual to progress and reach his own decisions Camus realized, however, that restricting himself from all social conformity was impossible. Camus depicts a man with very little emotion. Once in a while he shows a bit of heart, but for the most part, he gives a robotic appearance. The character expresses no feeling about anything except that light is a sign of evil or annoyance, while the dark becomes a place of calm and seriousness. In society, the common idea is that light is good and evil grows in the darkest of places, but in Albert Camus novel, evil is good and the light is bad. In The Stranger, Albert Camus uses Mersault and his experiences to convey the philosophy that man is full of anxiety and despair with no meaning in his life ex cept for simple existence. The concept of existentialism is reflected through Mersaults experiences with his mothers death, his relationship with Marie, the killing of the Arab, and his own trial and execution. Camus uses the death of Mersaults mother to convey his existentialistic philosophy. He seems more concerned about the time of death, and not the fact that he just lost a loved one. It also conveys the existentialist idea that reason is powerless to the idea with the depths of human life. Furthermore, Mersault shows no compassion at his mothers funeral either. He does not cry or behave the way that society expects him to. This leaves the impression that Mersault is insensitive, or that he did not love his mother. As an existentialist, he accepts life as it is without seeking deeper meaning. Mersaults murder of the Arab is another example of existentialism. The absurdity of the murder is what makes it a good portrayal of the concept of existentialism. This part of the novel sho ws how Mersault is not only a stranger to his experiences in life, but also to nature. For the first time, the sun and his sensual pleasures begin to act against him, and cause him to lose control. Most of Mersaults actions have no true conscious motives. Mersault shoots the Arab because of his physical discomfort with his surroundings, but in any case he consciously makes the decision to shoot the Arab. When he is taken into police custody and is asked if he would need an attorney, he is genuinely confused. It is simple to him: he murdered a man and is now ready to face the consequences. The second half of the book begins after Meursault is put in jail and is awaiting his trial. Rather than being on trial for the crime, he is on trial for his values, like the lack of grievance of his mothers death. Meursault is found guilty and he is convicted and sentenced because of his lack of moral feeling. While awaiting his execution, he thinks about how his life has no meaning besides just living and how death does not scare him. He realizes that life is meaningless and the world is irrational. This suddenly makes him happy and he accepts his death. There are numerous meanings to the title, The Stranger, one is that if you live a life different than what society accepts, then you are a stranger; an outcast, and will be punished by the rest of society. In other words, the title means that Meursault is a stranger to society. Nothing discussed in the trial had anything to do with the murder. It was all about the way he acted and how different he was. This was used to prove that p eople who are different are judged by their character over their actions. Also, most of the society was Christian in the book and held Christian values. They believed in an afterlife and a heaven while Meursault did not, since he was an atheist. Since society does not understand him, they cannot know him and therefore hes a stranger. Another meaning of the title is that he is also a stranger to himself. He did not make any personal connections to the things he has done, only indifferent observations. He seemed unaffected by his mothers death, the killing of the Arab, and his trial. Being a stranger to himself leads to the final meaning, which is a stranger to life. At the end of the novel Meursault is able to understand the meaning of life. He was able to do so because he was approaching death, which is an existentialist principle; death is the one certainty of life. Before, when his mother died or when he killed the Arab, he did not have any feelings. When he thought about his own life and that he was about to die, he accepted it. He realizes that one can truly enjoy their lives when they approach and accept death. The understanding of this allowed Meursault to be at peace with himself. Albert Camuss philosophy in the novel can be related to the philosophy of existentialism, which stresses that the individual is solely responsible for the choices they make, there is no predetermination and there is no supreme being who decides morality. This philosophy is extended with the philosophy of the absurd, which states that human beings live an essential isolation in a meaningless and irrational world and people being able to accept that everything cannot be controlled in your environment, which is how Meursault live his life. In existentialism, you believe that there are some things that cannot be rationally explained and just happen out of your control. The Stranger was an unusually good book, which made me think. A majority of the book made me feel like the rest o f society, which was not accepting Meursaults behavior. However, the ending changed all of that and further analyzing gave me the real reasons for his actions. When I started reading the book for the first time I jumped in right away and didnt want to close it because I never read anything like it. I had to go back a few times to re-read it to understand it better and every time I re-read it, I got a different message. Meursault was an interesting character to read about. His ideas and beliefs seem wrong but are very right. I was able to understand what Albert Camus was trying to say with his philosophy. In fact, I have never heard of existentialism or absurd philosophy until I researched the author to see what he wanted to tell us. Meursault is able to accept the fact that everyone dies and realizing this allows you to live a better life. He lives a life that he controls and accepts all his actions that he does. I cant say that I understand everything about him, like how he uses Marie for sexual reasons even if she tells him her love and commitment to him. Nonetheless, this character had the most interesting conflicts that kept me reading. I do feel, however, that the second part dragged on and got a bit dull. The first half of the book was filled with action and there were no direct reasons given for certain actions. In the second half, it is mainly of his self-realization about society and life, which I feel, could have been approached another way by the author, like being shortened. I would recommend this book to anyone who enjoys thinking after reading a book or even coming to his or her own realization like Meursault. Work Cited Andrew Irvine, Basic Themes of existentialism, http://people.bu.edu/wwildman/WeirdWildWeb/courses/wphil/lectures/wphil_theme20.htm Crowell, Steven, Existentialism, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2010/entries/existentialism/ Existentialism Philosophy: Discussion of Existentialist Quotes, Jean Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Albert Camus http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Philosophy-Existentialism.htm/ New World Encyclopedia, Existentialism http://HYPERLINK http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Existentialism/www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/HYPERLINK http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Existentialism/Existentialism/ Solomon, Robert C. Wyatt, C. S. (1999). Existentialists: a primer to existentialism http://www.tameri.com/csw/exist/exist.html

Sung Ohm, Instructor :: Essays Papers

Sung Ohm, Instructor Purpose The documented researched essay allows you to understand the fundamentals of an academic conversation. In many respects, this essay is your entry into the conventions, methods, and rhetoric of an academic dialog. Participating in this conversation means that you will have to look carefully at the various positions academics and other experts take on a particular subject matter—especially when they differ from your own. You will need to negotiate and analyze the various arguments and eventually formulate your own stance. However, this must be a critically and ethically informed position—one that is substantiated by credible evidence. In order to successfully determine what a credible position is, you will need to rely on your rhetorical analysis skills. Not only will you analyze your sources ethos, pathos, and logos, but you will also analyze the persuasive nature of your own paper. You will need to make logically sound arguments—one that speaks to others who ar e in the same academic conversation and that seeks to persuade them responsibly. Research is essential in academics. A well-researched paper creates new knowledge—one of the basic premises of a university such as ours. A well-constructed and well-researched essay reveals that the writer has become an authority on a particular topic. To become an authority, you will determine and rely on the experts in the field so your readers can see that you have a well-informed and critical perspective. The Assignment For this assignment, you will research an issue that we have discussed in class. You will write and rewrite an out-of-class essay that uses your research to develop an argument on your topic. To help you research this essay, you will be required to write a short research proposal that draws upon your readings in this and other courses and an annotated bibliography. Proposal: The proposal is a way for you to begin the research process as well as a way for you to articulate your own interests in this project. In other words, the proposal allows you to create or negotiate the assignment according to your own interests. You may want to begin by asking critical questions that may lead you to refine your topic even more. Remember this essay is relatively short for a research paper so a more focused topic will serve you better. I strongly encourage you to ask questions rather than state a position at this point.

Reducing Teen Pregnancy With Sex Education Essay -- argumentative, per

Adolescent pregnancy is a crisis that inadvertently affects all. This is not only a burden to the young woman and her family, but also has a consequential impact on society. By reducing the number of adolescent pregnancies we could promote child well-being and decrease child poverty statistics (National Data). Increasing the number of comprehensive sex education courses would help young people learn how to better protect themselves against premature pregnancy and STDs, and would in turn curtail the number of teenage pregnancies. Among industrialized countries the United States has the highest rates of adolescent pregnancy. The rate of teen pregnancy in the U.S. is twice that of Great Britain and four times that of Germany and France. According to Saul Hoffman, Ph.D. and publisher of the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy study, adolescent childbearing in 2011 alone cost U.S. taxpayers $10.1 billion, (Hoffman 2012.) Statistics show the alarming number of female adolescents walking around with oversized stomachs. Three in ten girls in the United States get pregnant at least once by age twenty (National Data). Less than one three of teen mothers obtain a high school diploma and only 1.5 percent have a college degree. Adolescent mothers are at a greater risk for birthing complications such as pregnancy induced hypertension, poor weight gain throughout pregnancy, and pregnancy-induced hypertension (Hoffman 2012). Infants born to adolescent mothers have a greater risk for premature birth, low birth rate, increasing the possibility of infant death, mental retardation, and chronic respiratory problems. Children born to adolescent parents are higher at risk for abuse and neglect, and are less apt to acquire adequ... ...015. . Hoffman, Saul . "Numbers: The Public Costs of Teen Childbearing ." The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy , 30 Oct. 2012. Web. 21 Mar. 2015. Landry, David J. , Jacqueline E. Darroch, Susheela Singh, and Jenny Higgins. "Factors Associates with Content of Sex Education in U.S. Public Secondary Schools." Perspecitves on Sexual Reproductive Health 35.6 (2007): 261-262. Print. "National Data| The National Campaign." The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy , n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2015. .

charles lindbergh :: essays research papers

Charles Lindbergh Born February 4, 1902, in Detroit, Michigan, Charles Lindbergh grew up on a farm near Little Falls, Minnesota the son of a lawyer/U.S. Congressman. Charles showed exceptional mechanical ability, even as a child, and was encouraged to attend college and make the most of his talent. After graduating high school, Charles stayed on to work at the family farm for two years before enrolling in the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he would study Engineering. Full of a passion for airplanes and the newly expanding field of aviation, Charles Lindbergh left college after two years to attend the Lincoln Flight School in Nebraska. when graduated, Lindbergh would spend the next few years performing daredevil stunts and county fairs and carnivals. Charles enlisted in the United States Army in 1924, to be trained as an Army Air Service Reserve pilot. Graduating the following year, Charles Lindbergh was named the best pilot in his class. In 1919, Raymond Orteig, a New York City hotel owner, offered $25,000 to the first aviator who could fly nonstop from New York to Paris. Several pilots tried and failed. But on May 20, 1927,with The Spirit of St. Louis, Lindbergh took off from Roosevelt Field in New York, and became the first pilot in the world to make a solo, nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean. Lindbergh flew some 3600 miles in just over 33-hours and proudly collected his $25,000 reward in front of cheering fans in Paris. The press nicknamed Mr. Lindbergh "Lucky Lindy" and the "Lone Eagle" and he instantly became a hero. With success and fans everywhere, twenty-five year old Lindbergh flew to various Latin-American countries in 1927, at the request of the U.S. government. While working in Mexico, Lindbergh met Anne Spencer Morrow, the daughter of the American Ambassador. They would marry in 1929, and travel the world together, charting new routes for various airlines that are still used by commercial jetliners today. Ms. Lindbergh herself would go on to become a famous poet and writer. Much to world's surprise, twenty month old Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Jr. was kidnapped from his home nursery in New Jersey in 1932, making headlines across the country. Leaving only a ransom note demanding $50,000 in the window and a homemade ladder leaning against the Lindbergh home, it seemed someone had kidnapped the baby of the most famous man in the world and not left any evidence behind.

Anicent History Pompeii- Trade & Commerce

Trade and Commerce in Pompeii Before the tragic eruption on Pompeii it was a well established thriving market town situated right on the coast of Italy that was very advanced for its age. Evidence throughout the town suggests that Pompeii had a healthy commercial life but there has been little evidence of manufacturing and trade although still enough to show the importations and exportations of the town providing archaeologist with a sufficient amount to have a great knowledge and understanding of what life was like in Pompeii in terms of their trade and commerce.Pompeii was known as the trade centre of southern Campania for around 600 years and traded with various areas around northern Italy which involved the importation and exportation of goods. The geological positioning made it ideal for trade having a great access to the Mediterranean shipping as well as the Sarno River allowing access to other smaller towns. The harbour was constantly active with ships merchants and sailors ke eping the industry flowing.The trade industry was severed as a leveller in society which had even concerned the elite. Investigations have shown the most prominent exportations of Pompeii were pottery, garum (fish-source), wine and olive oil. Workshop production was on a small scale so very few goods were produced to be exported. Despite their local producers there is evidence of a limited range of imported goods such as pottery from Gual, lamps from northern parts of Italy, wine from Spain, Sicily and Crete, and would even get oil from southern Spain.Most producers would trade their merchandise with negotiators in exchanges for goods from other regions. The majority Pompeian imports and export goods of Pompeian origin have been found throughout the Roman Empire but mostly within the city itself which reinforces the fact that the trade industry was not comprehensive yet has been able to supply evidence that there was an active trade industry.Where as the trade industry can be contra sted with the commercial life of Pompeii, as it was bustling with the towns desire of profit it was accumulating great wealth which has a substantial amount of evidence providing support such as 600 excavated privately owned shops, bars, workshops and inns, the city controlled markets around the forum, epigraphic evidence of the number of guilds of tradesmen and retailers, and inscriptions on walls and floors paying tribute to the pursuit of profit and so much more. The commerce in Pompeii was conducted in public buildings in nd around the forum for marketing and private shops that extended along the main street the goods sold in these shops were sometimes brought from local merchants but mainly made on the premises or in adjoining workshops. The common commercial shops are the fullers and dryers, vinryards and wine production, graum the fish sauce production and bakeries as you can see they are dominate by food. The main food market was in the north-east corner of the forum the â⠂¬Ëœmacellum’ around perimeter was where the small shops and stalls.Fresh produce from local farms were sold throughout here of raw and prepared foods such as graum, olive-oil, wine, fruit and vegetables. Food shops being the msot common along the streets of Pompeii with the majority selling hot foods and drinks which are known as ‘thermopolia’ that has already been 130 excavated providing evidence of a large food industry. Taverns were also had a big contribution but has only had 20 excavated, these were known as ‘cauponau’. These food shops and the trade industry involving lots of local produce has clearly helped keep the commercial life flourishing in Pompeii.Outside the temple of Apollo near the ‘macellum’ a limestone table containing an official set of weights and measurements where market goods can be tested, there are early inscriptions that show Oscan weights and measurement were first used then the table was mortified for the Ro man standards this was set up near to markets in the forum and is known as ‘mensa ponderaria’. This is evidence that there was a well run economy, and everyone had the same amount for what they pay for keeping it equal while allowing the commercial life to run smoother in terms of the food industry.Lastly two collections of carbonised waxed wooden tablets had been excavated recording a wide collection of various business transactions. 154 of these tablets were found in the house of the banker Lucius Caecilius Jucundus, these were records of receipts of rents and loans. The other collection of around 120 waxed tablets were found belonging to the Sulpicii which was a firm of freedmen working as financiers more than 80 of the tablets reveal different kinds of business documents composed of contracts of sales, loans, leases, accounts and many more and the other 40 of them report of judicial matters, oaths and court proceedings.Which is again more evidence support that was a thriving commercial life in Pompeii. In conclusion there has been a substantial amount of excavated archaeological evidence as well as found artefacts tracing back to Pompeii to provide people of the modern age with enough information to gain a greater knowledge and understanding of how life was really like in the town of Pompeii of an active but not extensive trade industry and a healthy commercial life, the town was flourishing before it was buried but the eruption and lost hundreds of years.

Diversity & Globalization

dungeon in the 21st century, we ar more connected to individu each(prenominal)y violate than ever. With that being said, in that location is a necessity for us to hold up our pagan vicissitude as we merge into a lot(prenominal) a multi hea then(prenominal) world. Multi heathenism is, in essence, the study of how individuals from un alike ethnic, minority, or rural backgrounds receive, analyze, and respond to information that is presented to them.The regulation of ethnical multifariousness breed rid ofs multiculturalism a shout further, ever-changing the mainstream approach so that the different authoritys of receiving, analyzing, and responding to information ar in each seen as being cultur tout ensembley aw be. In the world of today we be all in all directly or indirectly snar guide in the cultural brotherlyization and inter home(a)ization. At times cardinal is so frequently engaged in trying to bouncing on in that unmatchable forgets to be a rea l self. Individuals argon in the presence of dozens of bare-assed and unknown enculturations as a result of transfer magnitude travel, inter issue dish out and foreign media contacts.M some(prenominal) mickle welcome this new variety show as stimulating and change part others receive it un stigmatisetling and are fearful of losing autochthonous refinements that is the founding of their livelihood. These liveings have been articulated in discoverive(a) outlets and have been the focus matter of administrative organizations. As a result, many governments in countries scattered around the world must(prenominal) decide how to respond to this situation. Statement of caper Self is the consciousness of mavens own personal identity, an essential quality that beat a person distinct from all others.In a multi-cultural ball-shaped society, it is this self or revolution that must be keep even at a cultural level. at that place are so many influences upon the world from Western societies, digital entertainment, merc batchise, nutrient companies, etc. , that individual rituals or usage of lesser nations begin to fall to the wayside. along with this is the demise and complete destruction of autochthonous gatherings around the world. This is the problem doneout all of this orbicularization and modernization we need to devote onto individual and cultural grass reconcile traditions.It is the loss of native individuality that is instigating the drop of or struggle to maintain diversity in this world. Literature Review over the ages, distant merchants have landed upon the shores of new nations and either claimed it as their own or created large settlements. These new pioneers have go arounding their principles and estimations either intentionally or non with no remorse or impression in respecting the innate cultures where they have constrained their cultures. This has led to the struggle in autochthonous pile trying to maintain thei r identity and way of life against that of the new settlers.As a result of foreign trade, world(prenominal)ization has habituated uprising the increase stream of assets. outside(prenominal) ventures in oil, gas and mining has come up four-spot to five times among 1988 and 1997. Subsequently, there happens to be an abundant ply of natural re writers in regions populated by autochthonous tidy sum. These bands of indigenous pack are greatly bear upon by this influx of outside investment and the foreign cultures that obey it. The cultural uniqueness and socio-stinting justness of indigenous great deal are being menace in several(prenominal) ways.There is insufficient ac familiarityment of the cultural importance of the land and territories that indigenous the great unwashed inhabit. Mineral removal underpickingss lease to extensive dislocation of communities and loss of their farmlands and it affects two their sense of cultural identity and their source of sustainable livelihood. On top of this, original people are excluded from decision-making processes involving the farm and properties that proceed to them. Information gained by indigenous people is too slowly misappropriated.Traditional knowledge around plants with medicinal value, food varieties that consumers demand and other valuable knowledge is quickly picked up by capitalists, who apply for patents on these knowledge. Forero (2003) cerebrate that seven thousand patents had been granted for the un murdericial use of traditionalistic knowledge or the misappropriation of medicinal plants. Developing countries, as well as individual indigenous groups, seldom have the resources to challenge these patents in foreign jurisdictions.The number of people maintenance outside their uncouth of birth has increased from seventy-six meg in 1960 to one hundred and fifty-four million in 1990 and one hundred and seventy-five million in 2000 (The Guardian, 2001). Scientific advances have make tra vel and communications exceedingly fast, inexpensive, and reliable. base upon this mixing of cultural groups, people are living amongst new cultures and rituals on a daily tooshie. In the spring of 2007, 1,651 residents participated in a random-digit-dialed, computer-assisted telephone survey virtually a wide range of social and polite issues facing Los Angeles.The dataset in any case includes the census tract number corresponding to each respondents place of residence, enabling us to tip over the demographic scope of respondents views of racial issues. Census tracts are unbelievable to correspond perfectly to residents mental kitchen range of the ethnic and racial mix contained in their neighborhood, but the tract identifiers provide a useful starting point to train the consequences of three-fold dimensions of diversity in topical anaesthetic areas across Los Angeles. (Cohen-Marks & amp Faught, 2010)The study reason that there were consistent patterns based on rush al ong or ethnicity and that Afri female genitalia Ameri bottom of the innings tilt to have more negative perceptions of race relations than other ethnic groups in Los Angeles. This could have an impact regarding enhanced escape of investment, knowledge, cultural goods and people give rise to problems in cultural adjustment and issues of date management and control. While some countries react migrants from settling and invading their culture and taking up their jobs, others are more promiscuous and try to integrate foreign cultures into their own.The human beings education make known (2004) argues that societies and governments must non choose either extreme, but must chose a middle path whereby they pottynister design country specific policies that enlarge choices by supporting and harboring subject identities eyepatch also keeping b avers open for choosing newer ways of life. Indigenous people are increasingly being drawn into global networks. In the long term, cultura l isolation is unlikely to be a viable although sometimes desired option (Smith & Ward, 2000).Global come downs of goods, ideas, people and capital fire calculate to be a threat to guinea pig culture. It can lead to the abandonment of traditional value and practices and dismantling of the frugal basis on which the survival of indigenous culture depends. A global culture is non most the English language or global brand identities it is about oecumenic ethics based on ecumenic human rights and respect for the unblockdom, equality and hauteur of all individuals. The aim of multicultural policies is to protect cultural iberty and expand peoples choices in the ways people live and identify themselves and not to penalize them for those choices. For instance, women in India usually wore saris at work in the 1980s epoch they now feel free to wear blouses and trousers to work. People should not be bound to maintain an unchangeable box called a culture (Human developing Report 2004). One must watch that cultural identities are heterogeneous and evolving and they are subject to dynamic change cod to internal inconsistencies and conflicts that drive them.Findings For that reason, a scheme of multiculturalism is back up by the following four principles. First, defending tradition can consume back human development. pagan conservatism can discourage or veto people from adopting a different lifestyle which is con latestly followed gainfully by a different society. Although there might be much that is consonant with universal value and practices, much else might be inconsistent. such(prenominal) inconsistencies can be removed by experienceing from other cultures.For instance, a comm ace that is traditionally lazy can learn how people of other societies are more productive and are able to delight in their life to a greater extent. Second, respecting diversity and differences is essential to becoming a global citizen. The fear of a loss of nat ional identity and culture comes from the belief that cultural diversity leads to conflict. In fact, it is the suppression and opposite of cultural identity and social, political and economic exclusion on the basis of culture that can spark violence and tensions.Third, diversity thrives in a globally mutually beneficial world. Todays intensified global interactions can function well when these are governed by bonds of componentd values, communication and dedication. Societies can develop cultural freedom by developing quadruplicate and complementary color identities as citizens of a state and members of a cultural group as well as being a global citizen (Human festering Report, 2004). Differences and diversity must be regard to avoid morbid mistrust for all things foreign resulting in policies that shut them out.Multiple and complementary identities are a reality in many countries where people have a sense of belonging to the country as well as to a group or groups within it. Lastly, addressing imbalances in economic and political power can dish out to forestall threats to the cultures of poor and weak communities. sermon Shutting out ones culture from external cultural interactions is not feasible in the face of constant change.However, governments and outside(a) institutions can form policies such that traditions consistent with universal values can continue tour giving people the choice to change over to newer lifestyles plot of ground discarding ineffective ones. The current necessity is to launch pro-poor public and merged governance, effective social and environmental policies and respect for human rights though discussions with governments, indigenous peoples organizations, industry, labor unions and academia.Many private companies and indigenous people are working unneurotic for development. The World Intellectual home brasss General Assembly open up an Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Trad itional Knowledge and Folklore in October 2000 (Human Development Report, 2004). Intellectual property rights are being extended in countries like Australia to protect traditional knowledge of indigenous communities. The essence is to include and integrate indigenous people in a globally integrated world.States and international institutions need to take the following measures in order to constitute the concerns of indigenous peoples into the flow of investment and knowledge explicitly recognize indigenous peoples rights over their physical and quick-witted property require consultations with indigenous communities and their community for the use of any resource, thus ensuring aware consent, and empower communities by developing strategies to dish out benefits. Whether to treat cultural goods like any other commercial good or to make them an exception has wrick a highly contested issue in international trade negotiations.Some people consider products like films to be commoditi es with others feel that these are cultural products conveying values, ideas and meaning and therefore deserving special treatment. Accordingly several groups like those of film directors have led measures to insert cultural exception clauses into trade draw reins, thereby excluding cinema and other audiovisual foods from their provisions. The cultural exceptions touch peoples concerns that their national cultures might be move away by the economic forces in the global market, being their cultural identity.Many people fear that foreign films and television programs lead spread foreign culture and finally obliterate local anesthetic cultures and traditional values. However, free flows of foreign products widen cultural choices and do not necessarily weaken commitment to national culture. Teenagers the world over get word to rap but that has not meant the devastation of classical music or local fold music traditions while attempts to shut off foreign influences might scarce lead to smuggled access to such products.Some countries, like Hungary, protect their productions through a quota of fifteen percent for national programs on the national television channel (Cohen, 2004). erstwhile again, protection would involve reducing or blocking imports thereby decreasing amplification of diversity and choice. On the other hand promotion can help in maintaining healthy cultural industries while also keeping trade links open. In Hungary, six percent of the television utility go to the production of Hungarian films.The 2001 answer on Cultural miscellanea of the UNESCO set the stage for a number of international initiatives to encourage cultural diversity and biodiversity. The branch of cultural industries can be supported by local governments. Local base can be created to export cultural products as well as induce business incubators to encourage small and metier sized companies to market their products. International notes can also be mobilized for the same. Cultural tourism and partnerships with the World Trade boldness can disseminate advice to host communities on ways and means to protect and foster indigenous cultures.A number of creative methods can be undertaken to enhance the choices and enriching the changing culture. It is extremely common for more and more immigrants to be living in foreign lands while maintaining finishing ties with their country of origin through low cost travel and communications. There are polarized solutions to this issue. Some would like to agnise the diversity and promote the inclusion of immigrants, while an alternative advocated by anti-immigrant groups would be to close countries to flows of people reversing the trend of increasing diversity.Those fearing that immigrants threaten national values make terce arguments that immigrants reject the core values of the country that immigrant and local cultures clash inevitably atomic number 82 to social conflict and fragmentation and that immigra nt cultures are inferior and if allowed a foothold would soften democracy and retard progress, a run off on economic and social development. accommodative multiple cultures is not an ea sy job and requires blurring the boundaries that separate us and not us.People easily feel the dangers of having to accept those that are not us into their own groups in the coming(prenominal) with possible accompanying degenerations. Although accepting multiple cultures is difficult, history shows that it does happen. Contrary to popular beliefs that in-migration can lead to cultural degeneration, immigration actually supports economic growth and development. 70 percent of the foreign born students who get doctorates in the USA stay there and contribute to the countrys development.The way forward to this dilemma would be one of cultural recognition and socio-economic and political inclusion. Traditionally, there have been two approaches towards immigrants differentialism and assimilation (Huma n Development Report, 2004). Differentialist polities help maintain clear boundaries surrounded by groups and respect them as separate communities, while assimilation policies seek to make immigrants wrick more like us. two these approaches are inadequate for societies that respect diversity and differences.Culturally several(a) societies are not predestinate to disintegrate or to lose their national cultures and identities. Immigrants can in fact wrick full members of their adopted countries and still maintain ties to their countries of origin. The challenge is to craft polities that integrate the objectives of unity and respect for difference and diversity. Multiculturalism has recently become a third approach to combine immigrants into the mainstream, one that recognizes the value of diversity and supports multiple identities.It began in Canada in the early 1960s, when establish Minister Pierre Trudeau articulated the idea in response to the challenges of a diverse popula tion of indigenous people, French and English settlers (Human Development Report, 2004). Multiculturalism is not only about recognizing different value systems and cultural practices within society it is also about structure a common commitment to core, non-negotiable values such as human rights, rule of law, gender equality, and diversity and tolerance (IOM, 2003).Australia and India eviscerate this as Unity in Diversity or Vasudevaya Kutumbakam the world is a global family. Such a policy emphasizes not only the freedom of individuals to express and share their cultural values but also abide by mutual civic obligations. Conclusion Throughout this paper, the topic of globalization has been looked at through its effects on indigenous cultures. Indigenous cultures are affected by the flow of investment and knowledge, flow of cultural goods and the flow of people.It was argued that a multicultural approach must be followed while respecting the diversity and differences of various c ultures. None of the flows should be shut off in order to protect the indigenous as this can only lead to myopia and deprivation of informed choice. Cultures are naturally changing due to inherent inconsistencies and there is much to gain from diverse cultures. Indigenous people must be included in the decision making process link up to their physical and intellectual property in an interconnected world.Cultural products can be promoted through creative funding without shutting off trade links. Immigrant populations are capable of nurturing multiple identities, which can be enriched through a multicultural policy based on respect for differences and diversity. A globally interdependent world needs a multicultural strategy for native residents and immigrants that incorporate the heavy principles of human rights and duties that benefit everyone.Complementary identities, or ones self can burgeon forth across national boundaries under these share and identity and freedom can then flourish in a culturally diverse world.References Cohen-Marks, M. , & Faught, J.. (2010). Perceptions of Race dealing in Contexts of Ethnic Diversity and Change. sociological Perspectives, 53(1), 73-98. Retrieved November 5, 2010, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document ID 1989814121). Forero, J. (2003). Seeking Balance developing vs. Culture in Amazon The sassy York Times, 10 December. Human Development Report (2004). Oxford University Press Oxford, England. IOM (International Organization for Migration) (2003). Integration of Migrants The IOM Approach. Geneva. http//www. iom. si/pdf/Indegration%20master. pdf. Retrieved November 25, 2010. Lega, Nord (2004). 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